Accounting System of a Firm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Accounting System of a Firm - Essay Example Certain step must then be followed in planning a systems development project plan. Typically, this procedure starts with the identification of the problems as well as the objective for conducting the project. Along with the identification of the capability of the organization to support the project, designing the system to be applied is then created. In order to ensure the efficacy of the designed system, this will undergo a series of tests and evaluation procedures. After which, the system is then installed. The process however does not stop here as the system will have to be monitored continuously. Furthermore, the employees who will be using the new system must be trained properlyThe process involved in a systems development project plan is indeed an essential tool that enables project developers and managers to ensure the efficacy of the system employed. The systematize process provides significant controls that helps in people and task management. Following a specific project pl an also allows the project staff to identify potential problems that could arise. Thus, this organized procedure helps the staff to prepare alternatives and solutions that could address these possible problems. In order to comprehend the process of implementing a systems development project plan, a case of a small accounting firm will be taken as an example. With the expert help of an IT consulting firm and a sixty thousand dollar budget, the firm intends to have a system that will integrate its main operations including administrative functions and report production. In this case example, the objectives of the project, the role of the project manager and the problems that could occur during the different phases of the project plan will be identified. The small accounting firm aims to implement a systems development project. With this main goal, the firm intends to achieve the following objectives: To design and apply an integrated system that will allow it to perform administrative functions and produce essential accounting reports To develop a specific step-by-step procedure for the project's application To implement an effective system development project within a limited budget To have the system installed in eight weeks time Though these established objectives will help in directing the project team, certain constraints could hinder their achievement. Time and budget for instance are significant constraints for this project. Within eight weeks, the integrated system must be installed in the firm. Unlike bigger corporations, smaller firms have fewer resources to support long term project plans. Thus, the project team must work rapidly so as to meet the deadline and avoid financial shortage. These factors in turn add more pressure to the project staff. Putting the project team into much pressure can cause the members to prioritize time over quality, which can significantly affect the efficiency of the project. When the main objective of the project team is to finish the project on time, the long term success of the project may be negatively affected. Quality is also an important factor for a successful project. However, working under time pressure while maintaining work quality can be difficult and can burnout and stress among the participants (Gobeli, Gray & Larson, 1991). Time is indeed a major constraint in project management, especially when the firm expects to see the project results within an unrealistic time span (Baumgartner, 1979). Unrealistic work schedules can not only cause stress among the staff but can also affect their motivation to finish the project. Handling people is also a major constrain

Acids and Alkalis Lab Report Essay Example for Free

Acids and Alkalis Lab Report Essay An acid is a group of chemicals. Acids are positively charged ions, they are liquid and are solutions of pure compounds in water. If you want to know if something is an acid, you can test it by using litmus paper. Acids will turn litmus paper red, whilst alkalis will turn it blue. Alkalis are negatively charged ions and are usually solid. Aim:To find out how much of different acids is needed to neutralize 25mls of sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH). Hypothesis:The strongest alkali will need the smallest amount of an acid to cancel out and the weakest will need more acid. Variables: Control| Independent| Dependent| The indicator, NaOH| H2SO4 HClHNO3| The chemical reaction between the acids and alkali. | Materials / Apparatus: * H2SO4 * HCL * HNO3 * Alkali (NaOH) * Stand * Burette * Beaker * Funnel * Bunsen Burner * Crucible * Phenolphyalein Method: 1. Pour the 25 ml of NaOH into a beaker. 2. Drop three drops of phenolphyalein into the beaker. 3. The solution will now turn pink. . Through a funnel, pour the acid into the burette. Start dripping a few drops one by one into the beaker. 6. The solution will start getting a lighter shade of pink. 7. Stir the beaker around. 8. Once the solution turns clear, stop adding more acid. 9. Calculate the amount of acid used. 10. Take the solution and pour a bit of it into a crucible. 11. Light the Bunsen burner. 12. The salt solution will turn into salt crystals when it is heated. NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O NaOH + HNO3 = NaNO3 NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O Observations: Alkali| Acid| Moles| Observation| NaOH| HCL| 1 Mole| Took 4 ml to neutralize. No further experiment was made. | NaOH| HCL| 0. 1 Mole| Took 31 ml to neutralize. 2. 30 minutes until pink salt crystals were formed. | NaOH| HNO3| 1 Mole| Took 19. 2 ml to neutralize. 2 minutes until good white salt crystals were formed. | NaOH| H2SO4| 2 Moles| Took 1. 1 ml to neutralize. 2. 15 minutes until rings of white salt were formed. | Analysis: The weakest acid (HCl 0. 1 Mole) needed the most alkali to be made into salt and the strongest (H2SO4 2 Moles) needed the least. Different experiments made different salts. Conclusion: The strongest acid will work faster and you will need less. This is because it is a lot more reactive than the weaker acids and it will want to react much faster with the alkali. Evaluation: In my group, Zuzanna and I were the ones doing the experiment while everyone else observed and took notes on what happened. The first time, we dropped one too many drops of H2SO4 in the alkali so the alkali quickly turned pink again. We had to try it six times before we could get it right because we kept putting too much in or we would forget how much we put in. But after a few tries we finally got it to work and we got the correct solution. Therefore we could finally go on to the next step and heat up the solution. It took our salt around 2 minutes and 15 seconds to heat up, evaporate and leave us with small rings of white salt crystals. Our salt crystals did not turn out as the best, but they were successful.

Essay --

â€Å"In July 1945, the first atomic bomb was tested in New Mexico and the next month the second and third weapons off the production line were dropped on Japan. Since then no nuclear weapons have been used in anger, although tens of thousands have been accumulated by the major powers and their destructiveness and sophistication increased immensely.† The nature of warfare is constant and evolved from multiple factors and military revolutions over time. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most important military revolution in history and highlight its effects that permeate modern day society. The proliferation of nuclear weapons is the most significant military revolution that led to the greatest changes in warfare, which include the immergence of new threats such as non-state actors, the shift from total war to low intensity conflict, and the importance of technology and innovation. This military revolution completely shattered existing paradigms of warfare due to th e real threat of nuclear weapons’ total destruction of humanity. The arrival of nuclear weapons transformed the international playing field permanently and new threats such as non-state actors have immerged as a result. Initially, only superpowers with nuclear arsenals had a global role as was evident during the Cold War between the U.S. and Soviet Union, but nuclear proliferation triggered a race to possess this power in the last 60 years. The possible employment of nuclear weapons between the two superpowers during the Cold War was unprecedented. The power of this stalemate shattered the paradigm of warfare and demonstrated how significant this military revolution’s effects were even at the mere threat of nuclear weapons use. Regarding this standoff between t... ... examined the importance of the nuclear weapons military revolution and its lasting impacts on modern day society. Evidence presented supports why this military revolution had the most impact of all on warfare and was carefully illustrated through the immergence of new threats, the shift from total war and high intensity conflict to low intensity conflict and finally, the critical role that technology and innovation has played since the advent of nuclear weapons. This is important in today’s operational and strategic environment due to the fact that American military and political leadership will continue to have taken in account the use of nuclear weapons on the battlefield. As globalization continues to set the conditions for nuclear weapons proliferation worldwide, the restraints and operational risks will dramatically increase and affect all strategic planning.

novel Rebecca

In the novel Rebecca, du Maurier uses techniques, such as dialogue and setting description, to create suspense and tension. But in the movie, Hitchcock uses different techniques, like music and scenery, to create the right kind of suspense and tension for his audience. The plots are the same, but the techniques are not. In the novel, the author uses a lot of dialogue to create the suspense needed to make the storyline interesting. For example, on page 259 in chapter 19, the narrator is speaking with Ben. â€Å"‘The fishes have eaten her up by now, haven’t they? † he said. Who? † I said. â€Å"Her,† he said, â€Å"the other one. † â€Å"Fishes don’t eat steamers, Ben. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The narrator does not understand that Ben is speaking about Rebecca’s body in the cabin of the boat that was found. This creates suspense by the reader not knowing what’s going on or whose body was found, since Maxim has not yet told the narrator that it is Rebecca’s body in the cabin and that he killed her. Du Maurier also uses fog mixed with dialogue to create the suspense and tension that’s needed and wanted. An excellent example of this would be on page 246 in chapter 18, when Mrs. Danvers tries to coax the narrator into jumping out of the window to her death. ‘She pushed me towards the open window. I could see the terrace below me grey and indistinct in the white wall of fog. â€Å"Look down there,† she said. â€Å"It’s easy, isn’t it? Why don’t you jump? It wouldn’t hurt, not to break your neck. It’s a quick, kind way. It’s not like drowning. Why don’t you try it? Why don’t you go? ’ The fog filled the open window, damp and clammy, it stung my eyes, it clung to my nostrils. I held onto the window-sill with my hands. ’ The fog covers the ground so the narrator cannot see how far up she really is. Not to mention the reader does not know whether or not the narrator will follow through with jumping or not. She’s already at the open window, all she has to do is step out. In the movie version of the novel Rebecca, Alfred Hitchcock uses different techniques than du Maurier does. Instead of using setting description, he just uses scenery because you can actually see it. For example, he uses the setting descriptions of the narrator’s dream from the beginning of the novel to create the scenery, visuals, and the enactment of the dream in the movie. The dream in the movie sounds exactly like the dream in the novel, but you can actually see it instead of imagining it. The suspenseful part is when the house is dark and there is no sign of life. But suddenly, a light turns on. Also, he uses scenery as Manderly burns to the ground at the end of the movie. Hitchcock also uses music to create suspense and tension. As mentioned earlier, Manderly is burnt down and as Maxim figures out that it’s Manderly burning, suspenseful music plays. Earlier in the movie, the narrator tells Mrs. Danvers to remove certain things from the room. Mrs. Danvers asks her why, and the narrator replies, â€Å"Because I am Mrs. de Winter now. † As she says this, suspenseful music plays. The techniques used in the movie and in the novel are very different. The only similar technique is dialogue, and the way things are stated by the characters. They’re different because scenery is not included in a story. The author must use descriptions of the current setting so you can imagine it in your mind, since it isn’t being projected in front of your eyes like a movie. You cannot use music in a book, because you will not be able to hear it. So, film directors such as Alfred Hitchcock use certain types of music to set different moods. For example, eerie music is used to create suspense, and music with high notes is used to create a happy, light-hearted mood. This is not possible in a novel unless the author describes it to you. Finally, the movie and the novel both use certain techniques to create different amounts of suspense and tension. The types of techniques may be different, but they work. They create the mood that is necessary. IF you read the book and then watch the movie, you will notice the different styles of techniques that du Maurier and Hitchcock use.

“Structural and Semantic Properties of Phraseological Units”

, ?. ?. : â€Å"Structural and semantic properties of phraseological units† IV -48 : . ?. ?. – 2011 Plan Introduction 1. Problems with the definition of phraseological units. The groups of phraseological units according their meaning 2. Ways of forming of phraseological units 3.Semantic structure of phraseological units Conclusions References Introduction Phraseological units, or idioms, as they are called by most western scholars, represent what can probably be described as the most picturesque, colourful and expressive part of the language’s vocabulary. If synonyms can be figuratively referred to as the tints and colours of the vocabulary, then phraseology is a kind of picture gallery in which are collected vivid and amusing sketches of the nation’s customs, traditions and prejudices, recollections of its past history, scraps of folk songs and fairy-tales.Quotations from great poets are preserved here alongside the dubious pearls of philistine wisdom and crude slang witticisms, for phraseology is not only the most colourful but probably the most democratic area of vocabulary and draws its resources mostly from the very depths of popular speech. Our abstract is devoted to the problem of defining the phraseological units and to their structural and semantic features. We try to analyze the works of different scholars, which researched these questions and to systematize their conclusions. Problems with the definition of phraseological units.The groups of phraseological units according their meaning In modern linguistics, there is considerable confusion about the terminology associated with these word-groups. Most Russian and Ukrainian scholars use the term â€Å"phraseological unit†, which was first introduced by Academician V. V. Vinogradov whose contribution to the theory of Russian phraseology cannot be overestimated. The term â€Å"idiom†, widely used by western scholars, has comparativ ely recently found its way into Russian and Ukrainian phraseology but is applied mostly to only a certain type of phraseological unit as it will be clear from further explanations.There are some other terms denoting more or less the same linguistic phenomenon: set-phrases, phrases, fixed word-groups, collocations. The confusion in the terminology reflects insufficiency of positive or wholly reliable criteria by which phraseological units can be distinguished from â€Å"free† word-groups. It should be pointed out at once that the â€Å"freedom† of free word-groups is relative and arbitrary. Nothing is entirely â€Å"free† in speech as its linear relationships are governed, restricted and regulated, on the one hand, by requirements of logic and common sense and, on the other, by the rules of grammar and combinability.One can speak of a black-eyed girl but not of a black-eyed table (unless in a piece of modernistic poetry where anything is possible). Also, to say t he child was glad is quite correct, but a glad child is wrong because in Modern English glad is attributively used only with a very limited number of nouns (e. g. glad news), and names of persons are not among them. Free word-groups are so called not because of any absolute freedom in using them but simply because they are each time built up anew in the speech process where as idioms are used as ready-made units with fixed and constant structures.So we can give the definition of each type of unit given above to use them correctly. First of all, set-phrases imply that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word-groups. The term â€Å"word-equivalent† stresses not only semantic but also functional inseparability of certain word-groups, their aptness to function in speech as single words. A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound â€Å"right† to native Englis h speakers, who use them all the time.On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound â€Å"wrong†. Look at these examples: the fast train – the quick train; fast food – quick food The term â€Å"idioms† generally implies that the essential feature of the linguistic units under consideration is idiomaticity or lack of motivation. Uriel Weinreich expresses his view that an idiom is a complex phrase, the meaning of which cannot be derived from the meanings of its elements. He developed a more truthful supposition, claiming that an idiom is a subset of a phraseological unit.Ray Jackendoff and Charles Fillmore offered a fairly broad definition of the idiom, which, in Fillmore’s words, reads as follows: â€Å"†¦an idiomatic expression or construction is something a language user could fail to know while knowing everything else in the language†. Chafe also lists four features of idioms that make them anomalies in the tra ditional language unit paradigm: ? non-compositionality; ? ansformational defectiveness; ? ungrammaticality; ? frequency asymmetry.Generally speaking, the term â€Å"idiom†, both in our country and abroad, is mostly applied to phraseological units with completely transferred meanings, that is, to the ones in which the meaning of the whole unit does not correspond to the current meanings of the components. According to the type of meaning phraseological units may be classified into: (classification given by Ryzhkova) ? Idioms; ? Semi-idioms; ? Phraseomatic units. Idioms are phraseological units with a transferred meaning. They can be completely or partially transferred: red tape.Semi-idioms are phraseological units with two phraseosemantic meanings: terminological and transferred: chain reaction, to lay down the arms. Phraseomatic units are not transferred at all. Their meanings are literal: the begging of the end; pins and needles. As we can see there is no one specific defin ition for such phenomenon as phraseological units. Different scholars make their own suggestions, which are worth to be considered. We’ve outlined the main of them which are necessary to know dealing with this problem in the process of studying of the English language.Ways of forming of phraseological units As we deal with the structure of phraseological units it’s necessary to pay attention to the classification given by A. V. Koonin. He distinguishes the groups of phraseological units according to the way they are formed. Primary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a unit is formed on the basis of a free word-group: a) Most productive in Modern English is the formation of phraseological units by means of transferring the meaning of terminological word-groups, e. . in cosmic technique we can point out the following phrases: â€Å"launching pad† in its terminological meaning is â€Å" †, in its transferred meaning – â€Å" †, â€Å"to link up† – â€Å"?’ † in its transformed meaning it means – â€Å"†. b) A large group of phraseological units was formed from free word-groups by transforming their meaning, e. g. â€Å"granny farm† –  «  », â€Å"Trojan horse† – â€Å"’ †. ) Phraseological units can be formed by means of alliteration, e. g. â€Å"a sad sack† – â€Å" †, â€Å"culture vulture† – â€Å", †, â€Å"fudge and nudge† – â€Å"†. d) They can be formed by means of expressiveness, especially it is characteristic for forming interjections, e. g. â€Å"My aunt! †, â€Å"Hear, hear! † etc e) They can be formed by means of distorting a word group, e. g. â€Å"odds and ends† was formed from â€Å"odd ends†. f) They can be formed by using archaisms, e. g. in brown study† means â€Å"in gloomy meditation† where b oth components preserve their archaic meanings, g) They can be formed by using a sentence in a different sphere of life, e. g. â€Å"that cock won’t fight† can be used as a free word-group when it is used in sports (cock fighting), it becomes a phraseological unit when it is used in everyday life, because it is used metaphorically; h) They can be formed when we use some unreal image, e. g. â€Å"to have butterflies in the stomach† – â€Å"†, â€Å"to have green fingers† – â€Å" † etc. ) i) They can be formed by using expressions of writers or politicians in everyday life, e. g. â€Å"corridors of power† (Snow), â€Å"American dream† (Alby) â€Å"locust years† (Churchil), â€Å"the winds of change† (M? Millan). Secondary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a phraseological unit is formed on the basis of another phraseological unit; they are: a) Conversion, e. g. â€Å"to vote with o ne’s feet† was converted into â€Å"vote with one’s feet†. b) Changing the grammar form, e. g. â€Å"Make hay while the sun shines† is transferred into a verbal phrase – â€Å"to make hay while the sun shines†. ) Analogy, e. g. â€Å"Curiosity killed the cat† was transferred into â€Å"Care killed the cat†. d) Contrast, e. g. â€Å"cold surgery† – â€Å"a planned before operation† was formed by contrasting it with â€Å"acute surgery†; â€Å"thin cat† – â€Å"a poor person† was formed by contrasting it with â€Å"fat cat†. e) Shortening of proverbs or sayings e. g. from the proverb â€Å"You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear† by means of clipping the middle of it the phraseological unit â€Å"to make a sow’s ear†. f) Borrowing phraseological units from other languages, either as translation loans, e. . â€Å"living spaceâ €  (German), â€Å"to take the bull by the horns† (Latin) or by means of phonetic borrowings â€Å"meche blanche† (French), â€Å"corpse d’elite† (French), â€Å"sotto voce† (Italian) etc. Phonetic borrowings among phraseological units refer to the bookish style and are not used very often. A. V. Koonin distinguishes such types of the phraseological units according the principles given above: 1) Nominative: â€Å"a hard nut to crack†. They are subdivided into: ? Substantive: â€Å"crocodile tears†; ? Adjective: â€Å"as mad as a hatter†; â€Å"as cool as a cucumber†; ?Adverbial: â€Å"by & by†; â€Å"to & fro†; ? Verbal: â€Å"to live like a lord†. 2) Nominative-communicative: â€Å"the ice is broken†; 3) Interjectional & modal – emotions, feelings: â€Å"Oh, my eye! † (= â€Å"Oh, my God! †); â€Å"as sure as eggs is eggs† (â€Å", 2?2†); 4) Communicativ e – proverbs, sayings: â€Å"There is no smoke without fire†. This classification is called structural-semantic one and the phraseological units are grouped depending on the components they are formed by and on the meaning these units express. Semantic structure of phraseological unitsThe semantic structure of phraseological units by professor V. N. Teliya is formed by semantic ultimate constituents called macrocomponents of meaning. There are the following principal macrocomponents in the semantic structure of phraseological units: 1. Denotational (descriptive) macrocomponent contains the information about the objective reality, it is the procedure connected with categorization, i. e. the classification of phenomena of the reality, based on the typical idea about what is denoted by a phraseological unit (about denotatum). 2.Evaluational macrocomponent contains the information about the value of what is denoted by a phraseological unit, i. e. what value the speaker see s in this or that object / phenomenon of reality – the denotatum. The rational evaluation may be: a) positive: a home from home – â€Å"a place or situation where one feels completely happy and at ease†; b) negative: the lion’s den – â€Å"a place of great danger†; c) neutral: in the flesh – â€Å"in bodily form†. 3. Motivational macrocomponent correlates with the notion of the inner form of phraseological unit.The notion â€Å"motivation of a phraseological unit† can be defined as the aptness of â€Å"the literal reading† of a unit to be associated with the denotational and evaluational aspects of meaning. For example, the literal reading of the phraseological unit to have broad shoulders is physical strength of a person. The idea is indicative of a person’s strength becomes the base for transference and forms the meaning of â€Å"being able to bear the full weight of one’s responsibilities†. . Emotive macrocomponent is the contents of subjective modality expressing feeling-relation to what is denoted by a phraseological unit within the range of approval / disapproval, for example, a leading light in something – â€Å"a person who is important in a particular group† (spoken with approval), to lead a cat and dog life – â€Å"used to describe a husband and wife who quarrel furiously with each other most of the time† (spoken with disapproval). . Stylistic macrocomponent points to the communicative register in which a phraseological unit is used and to the social-role relationships between the participants of communication: a) formal: sick at heart – â€Å"very sad†; b) informal: be sick to death – â€Å"to be angry and bored because something unpleasant has been happening for too long†; c) neutral: pass by on the other side – â€Å"to ignore a person who needs help†. 6.Grammatical macrocomponent contains the information about all possible morphological and syntactic changes of a phraseological unit, for instance, to be in deep water = to be in deep waters; to take away smb’s breath = to take smb’s breath away; Achilles’s heel = the heel of Achilles. 7. Gender macrocomponent may be expressed explicitly, i. e. determined by the structure and / or semantics of a phraseological unit, and in that case it points out to the class of objects denoted by the phraseological unit: men, women, people (both men and women).For instance, compare the phraseological units every Tom, Dick and Harry meaning â€Å"every or any man† and every Tom, Dick and Sheila which denotes â€Å"every or any man and woman†. Gender macrocomponent may be expressed implicitly and then it denotes the initial (or historical) reference of a phraseological unit, for example, to wash one’s dirty linen in public – â€Å"discuss or argue about one’s personal affairs in public†. The implicit presence of the gender macrocomponent in this phraseological unit is conditioned by the idea about traditional women’s work (cf. with Ukrainian: ? ).The implicit gender macrocomponent is defined within the range of three conceptual spheres: masculine, feminine, intergender. Compare, for instance, the implicitly expressed intergender macrocomponent in to feel like royalty meaning â€Å"to feel like a member of the Royal Family, to feel majestic† and its counterparts, i. e. phraseological units with explicitly expressed gender macrocomponent, to feel like a queen and to feel like a king. So the semantic structure of phraseological unit is a complex formation with different denotative, significant and connotative aspects of meaning.The denotative aspect of phraseological meaning is the word subject named by this unit 1) relation between a lexical unit and an extralanguage subject or phenomena, 2) subject denotation; the significant aspect is a phraseological unit concept; a reflection of certain object concept in human consciousness; the connotative aspect is emotionally-expressive side and stylistic colouring of phraseological unit; additional word content, its stylistic colouring that superpose upon the main word meaning and convey emotionally-expressive and estimative attitude of the speaker to the denoted object.Correlation of these aspects in different types of phraseological units is different. One of the aspects may prevail and it causes certain influence of a phraseological unit on the communicative process. In comparative phraseological units significant and connotative aspects predominate. The communicative contribution of phraseological units of this type is fixed with the help of certain object determination, in which they carry pragmatic characteristic defined by emotionally-expressive factor of their meaning. Conclusions Phraseological units are very specific part of any language.It should be noted, however , that no proper scientific investigation of English phraseology has been attempted until quite recently. English and American linguists as a rule confine themselves to collecting various words, word-groups and sentences presenting some interest either from the point of view of origin, style, usage, or some other feature peculiar to them. These units are habitually described as idioms, but no attempt has been made to investigate these idioms as a separate class of linguistic units or a specific class of word-groups. We systematized the observations of A. V. Koonin, V. N. Teliya, G.Antrushyna connected with the structural and semantic properties of the phraseological units. Using their works we defined several classifications according the ways of forming and according semantic structure. For example, the types of the phraseological units distinguished by A. V. Koonin: 1) Nominative (with subgroups); 2) Nominative-communicative; 3) Interjectional & modal; 4) Communicative. All classi fications mentioned above exist simultaneously and describes the main features of the phraseological units: 1) Integrity (or transference) of meaning: means that none of the idiom components is eparately associated with any referents of objective reality, and the meaning of the whole unit cannot be deduced from the meanings of its components; 2) Stability (lexical and grammatical) means that no lexical substitution is possible in an idiom in comparison with free or variable word-combinations (with an exception of some cases when such substitutions are made by the author intentionally). The experiments conducted in the 1990s showed that the meaning of an idiom is not exactly identical to its literal paraphrase given in the dictionary entry.That is why we may speak about lexical flexibility of many units if they are used in a creative manner. Lexical stability is usually accompanied by grammatical stability which prohibits any grammatical changes; 3) Separability means that the struct ure of an idiom is not something indivisible, certain modifications are possible within certain boundaries. Here we meet with the so-called lexical and grammatical variants. To illustrate this point we shall give some examples: â€Å"as hungry as a wolf (as a hunter)†, â€Å"as safe as a house (houses)†. 4) Expressivity and emotiveness means that idioms are also characterized by stylistic colouring.In other words, they evoke emotions or add expressiveness. On the whole phraseological units, even if they present a certain pattern, do not generate new phrases. They are unique. Interlanguage comparison, the aim of which is the exposure of phraseological conformities, forms the basis of a number of theoretical and applied trends of modern linguistic research, including the theory and practice of phraseography. But the question of determining the factors of interlanguage phraseological conformities as the main concept and the criterion of choosing phraseological equivalents and analogues as the aspect concepts is still at issue.The analysis of special literature during the last decades shows that the majority of linguists consider the coincidence of semantic structure, grammatical (or syntactical) organization and componential (lexeme) structure the main criteria in defining the types of interlanguage phraseological conformities / disparities with the undoubted primacy of semantic structure. References 1. ?. ?. / ?. ?. – ?. , 1963. – 208 ?. 2. ?. ?. : . / ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. – ?. , 1999. – 288 ?. 3. ?. ?. : . - ? . . / ?. ?. – ?. : . , 1986. – 295 ?. 4. . . . / [ ?. ?. ]. – ?. : - , 2006. – 784?. 5. ?. ?. ? / ?. ?. // . ? . – ?. , 1977. – ?. 140 – 161. 6. ?. ?. : - ? . . / ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. – ?. : . , 1979. – 169 ?. 7. ?. ?. : . . - ? - . . / ?. ?. – ?. : , 1989. – 126 ?. 8. ?. ?. - / ?. ?. – ?. : – , 2005. – 1210 ?. 9. ?. ?. /   ?. ?. – ?. : , 1972. – 288 ?. 10. Arnold I. V. The English Word / Arnold I. V. – M. : , 1986. – 296 ?.

Ismeal Reeds chappie puttbutt essays

Ismeal Reeds chappie puttbutt essays Every man is wants to climb the social ladder, but to what extent will a man go to change his current environment to reach those goals? In the book Japanese By Spring (Ishmal Reed) working at a local university, Puttbutt exists within an environment where he is unhappy. He leaves it behind only to find out that the new environment, which he desired to be a part of, is not what he thought it would be. Puttbutt exists in a world of racism, hate crimes, and one in which he thinks he just doesn't belong. He wants to climb the social ladder to become somebody he isn't. In his new environment he discovers that he has the power to do anything he wants, or he can do nothing at all. However, he soon finds out that this world is not what he wants. He wants back into his old environment, but quickly finds out he has to fight to get back into it. Chappie Puttbutt is a man who has a job he doesn't enjoy and he hates his colleagues' (64). He is a Junior Professor at a local University and desires tenure. He is not well liked by his colleagues because he constantly changes his political values to go along with whatever is popular. He believes that the Japaneese will soon be taking over America. To make sure that he will not be left out of the His colleagues decide weather or not he gets tenure. Puttbutt will try to do anything to get tenure; he stands up for everything and anything to get tenure, however each time his colleagues vote against him. In his new environment the Japanese have taken over the university (108) and restructure the curriculum so that only Japanese art, Literature and culture are taught. The Japanese believe all studies are inferior. He is still passed on tenure but is given the position of second in command of the university because he knows Japanese and the president was his Japanese tutor. Since he is second in command he has the power ov ...

Essay on INTERNATIONAL MARKETING

Essay on INTERNATIONAL MARKETING Essay on INTERNATIONAL MARKETING Essay on INTERNATIONAL MARKETINGThe most important task of strategic management is to establish and maintain a dynamic interaction of the organization with its environment, designed to provide it with a competitive advantage, which is achieved by providing a product to the customer. Therefore, marketing objective occupies the position of one of the leading strategic management functions. For a number of organizations, depending on what goals they pursue and what strategy they implement, marketing is a key feature to ensure their successful operation. Moreover, companies turn to a management philosophy, according to which a company must focus its activity completely on customer needs (market driver management) and not try to make convenient products trying to sell it. Therefore, marketing becomes something more than just a separate function of management.Marketing is increasingly used all areas of business activity of the company. Thus, marketing plays a special role in the strategic management, significantly beyond the scope of functions of sales and demand analysis.Local marketing researchToday, setting new ambitious goals, every company faces many problems inherent to the market economy. The real problem of doing business has become the problem of finding effective demand. It is not enough to only produce goods, it is necessary to organize the work in such a way to make a profit from the sale of this product.Local marketing research is a systematic search, collection, analysis and presentation of data and information related to a particular market situation, which the company faces in its country (Lipovetsky, Magnan, Zanetti-Polzi,  2011).The objectives of marketing research:Searching goal collecting information for a preliminary assessment of the problem and its structuring;Descriptive goal description of the selected events, research subjects and the factors affecting their condition;Causal purpose check of the hypothesis of a causal relationship;Test objectives selection of promising options or assessment of the correctness of decisions;Forward-looking goals prediction of the state of the object in the future.The principal feature of marketing research, distinguishing it from the collection and analysis of internal and external current information, is its target aim to solve a particular problem or set of problems of marketing.Each company determines the topics and scope of marketing research according to its capabilities and needs in marketing information, so the types of marketing research conducted by various companies can be different.Iinternational marketing reserchThe term international marketing research refers to the collection, analysis and reporting on clearly defined problem of the operation of companies in foreign markets. International marketing research of different depth and breadth of coverage and the underlying information base are the base for all decisions (Webster, Lusch,   2013).Before entering interna tional markets and creating information marketing base, a company should collect information about the overall status and trends:1) industry of manufacturing products,2) countries, which are producers and consumers of these products,3) individual manufacturers, consumers and resellers.The study of international markets is based on the following characteristics:1) products (industries, types of products, manufacturers, methods and forms of sales and service of products)2) consumers (industries, types of products, manufacturers and buyers, goals and methods of consumption)3) location of the market (region, country, territory).On the first stage of international market research, a company should study the broadest possible segment, that is the world market of the product. It must collect information about what companies in which countries produce, trade and consume this type of product and services (Mihaela,  2010).The similarities and the differences between local and international marketing researchLocal and international marketing research are very similar, as they have almost the same goals and objectives, as well as methods of conducting research. Both types of studies provide a comprehensive study examining objects such as the market, consumers, and competitors. Local and international marketing research have the same scheme of marketing research, which involves the following steps:Defining a problem, objectives and methods.Developing research plan.Data collection and analysis.Interpretation of the results and giving them to the management of organization.Differences between local and international marketing research is that the evaluation of the international marketing environment is carried out mainly from the standpoint of economic purchasing power of the population in various countries, the levels of its income, industrial structure, orientation of the economy (agricultural, raw materials, etc.), overall level of economic development (Levy, 2012). Nev ertheless, a potential exporter or importer should explore political and legal environment of the country: stability of government, its laws in relation to the economic sphere (quotas, restrictions, confiscation of property of foreign businessmen, foreign exchange controls). This may also include the availability of market information, organization of statistics, work of customs and tax authorities. Social culture of the country should also be a subject of international marketing research. Local marketing research does not include these questions.The steps of marketing researchMarketing research process consists of several stages.Defining the problem and research objectives. It is difficult to start any research before the problem is determined. Stage of recognition and definition of the problem is the first step in the process of finding solutions. Failure to comply with the tasks of sales, a growing number of unpaid bills and low turnover are the signals or symptoms of more seriou s problems. Researchers should recognize and identify the problems behind these symptoms. Incorrect definition of the problem can lead to wrong decisions. Objectives are derived from market research to formulate the problem. Objectives should be clearly and precisely defined, and be sufficiently detailed, it should be possible to measure them and evaluate their level of achievement.Definition of the objects of research.When a problem is defined, it is possible to formulate the research problem. As a rule, the study includes a solution to one of the four objectives: to develop, describe, test hypotheses and predict. The study is carried out to develop when you need to get more information on the issue and more clearly formulate hypotheses. Research to describe the problem is held when it is necessary to describe objects such as market, define their characteristics based on statistical data. If the task of marketing research is testing the hypothesis of relationship between the indepe ndent and dependent variables, companies conduct research to identify the causes of the emergence of the problem.Development of a research plan. The creation of a research project is perhaps the most important step in the process of marketing research. Research project is a general plan of marketing research. It defines the requirements for a variety of data and its collection, processing and analysis. This stage includes not only the choice of certain methods of marketing research and development of specific tasks within the market research. At this stage, researcher determines the need for information, type of required information, sources and methods of its collection.Data collection. From the perspective of the process, there are at least three alternative approaches to data collection: by the staff of marketing service, by the specially created group or with the involvement of companies that specialize in data collection. The process of gathering information is usually the most expensive phase of the study. Furthermore, it may have a sufficiently large number of errors during implementation.Analysis of the data. It begins with the transformation of raw data (error checking, encoding, representation in matrix form). This allows transferring a lot of raw data into meaningful information.Presentation of the results. Results of the research are presented in the form of the final report and submitted to the management of the company (Shaw, 2012).From national to international marketingDevelopment of international economic relations, primarily on the basis of the international division of labor, is the characteristic process in todays global community. These are objective, stable commercial relations between individual countries or groups of countries.Essentially, each country in addition to conducting internal trade tends to carry foreign trade, implying a complex mechanism of relations arising in the process of sale of goods and services in the international market. Development of the international cooperation significantly increases the tendency towards the internationalization of economic processes, promotes international specialization and cooperation in production, trade, exchange of scientific and technological developments.International marketing is a response to the world of commercial processes such as growth and expansion of partnerships in the international market, increase of production capacity, quick update of product range, frequent changes in the nature and structure of the market demand, market fluctuations, increased competition, increased and improved quality of information support. International marketing provides a systematic, ongoing, active involvement in the international market at different stages of the promotion of commercial products (services) to the consumer. That is why we should distinguish the concept of international marketing from the concepts of sale and export, since the latter consists in the fact th at sellers are limited to delivery of its products to foreign importing companies. At the same time, suppliers are generally not interested in how consumers are satisfied in these products. A distinctive feature of international marketing is a complete and clear orientation on foreign consumers, the desire to satisfy their needs and requirements.Marketing research is a necessary condition for the success of the company in international markets at all stages of its operation and product life cycle. The better boundaries and objectives of the study are defined, the more useful received information is, and the more accurate calculations are. They help to better understand and adapt to the needs of the buyer, determine the best value for money and quality of the goods, find new customers, find a way to draw attention to your company and products. Market conditions are constantly changing, so there is a need for such work all the time, which greatly increases the effectiveness of company on the international markets (Mihaela,  2010).ExamplesThere are many examples of successful marketing of companies operating in the domestic and foreign markets. Here are some of them.Marlboro. Marlboro invented pack of cardboard with flip-top lid, which are now standard package of cigarettes not in order to demonstrate innovation or design ideas but for promotional purposes. Smokers were able to pull out cigarettes from soft packs without removing them from the pocket, so others did not see the brand. Flip-tops made smokers take the pack out of the pocket so that everybody could see it, and the new always attracts attention.Estee Lauder. There is a beautiful legend about how Estee Lauder began selling its perfumes. The young Miss Lauder came the biggest perfume shop in New York accidentally split the bottle of her perfume on the floor. Buyers asked about the wonderful smell and store just had to sign a contract with Estee Lauder.Heinz. In 1896, Henry Heinz was walking around New York and saw an advertisement of shoe store, which offered clients 21 style of shoes. By analogy, he decided to write on their ketchup and sauces 57 options. This number had nothing to do with the actual figures range, but Heinz liked it. And it impressed buyers.Harley-Davidson. The most famous manufacturer of motorcycles in the world holds the first place in terms of branded tattoos for more than a dozen years. It all began with the fact that Harley announced impressive discounts on bikes for those who would come to buy a motorcycle with a tattoo in the form of its logo.One of the largest tobacco companies,  «R. J. Reynolds International », was able to create a special Russian image. The company began to produce new cigarettes, which were called Peter I ». Until now, non-standard advertising of the company emphasizes that these cigarettes are created by Russian designers specifically for Russian consumers. Company  «R. J. Reynolds International » was able to show how eff ective PR can work in terms of the binding of marketing programs to local traditions and mentality of the target audience (Slater,   Andriopoulos, 2013).ConclusionMarketing research includes studies to support marketing activities, as well as statistical interpretation of data into information. This information is then used by managers to plan marketing activities, assess of the nature of trading environment of the company and to obtain information from suppliers. Market research use statistical methods such as qualitative and quantitative research, hypothesis testing, chi-square test, linear regression, frequency distribution, binomial distribution, etc. These methods are needed to interpret the results and transform data into information. The process of marketing research covers a number of steps, including identifying a problem, developing a plan of analysis, data collection and interpretation, presenting information in the form of a formal report. The task of market research i s to provide management with relevant, accurate, reliable and valid data.