A Manual Of Parliamentary Practice - 1655 Words

A Manual of Parliamentary Practice for the Use of the Senate of the United States, by Thomas Jefferson (1801) Jefferson was the founding father of the United States of America. He was a politician and a lawyer. Jefferson was obvious for the need to refer to the wellbeing of people. The British government was unable to provide the basic needs to the people. It needed to depend on different commanding voices in backing of an arrangement of measures for practice. Power is just a portion of the content, and the remaining parts are comprised of after the standards and principles of power sharing. A portion of the more well-known structures without composed authorization can be referred to any critic. This announcement was based on notoriety. He understands that the powers can ensue regular disagreement with the beliefs which earns the respect that lasts forever. Parliamentary systems were unforgiving, diverse and disgraceful in the past. Therefore, lacuna of consistency, accuracy in working and effectiveness were evident at that time. He was of the view that the mistakes in his manual could be co rrected from the coming generation, though there were very few mistakes in his proposed manual . Marginally surpassing the need of the manual anticipated at that time. It was a long way from an assumption that it is could not be confounded to parliamentary practice. Everybody accepted the manual because prior to that, flexible parliamentary structures were modified frequently byShow MoreRelatedCodifying Conventions and Royal Prerogatives Essay816 Words   |  4 Pagesthat codification would inhibit the constitutions capacity to evolve. Statutory codification would allow for judicial interference with the conventions, hence it is incompatible with the principle of parliamentary sovereignty and the separation of powers. Andrew Blick argued that ‘the practice of codification creates legitimacy problems’ for those conventions, which haven’t been codified. Dicey refers to prerogative powers as the residue of discretionary power or arbitrary authority leftRead MoreHand Hygiene1481 Words   |  6 Pagesedge hill university armstrong house | How does hand washing influence the prevention of healthcare acquired infections (HCAIs)? | Practice Essay | | | 5/21/2013 | Word Count: 1059 | This essay will examine and compare the different methods of hand washing in the perioperative environment and how hand washing influences the prevention of healthcare acquired infections (HCAIs). It will show the importance of washing hands thoroughly to remove bacteria to prevent HCAIs. It will includeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Apostle Of Republican Liberty760 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Jeffersons life accomplishments in the â€Å"Apostle of Republican Liberty† (Sheridan , Eugene R.). Thomas was founder of the worlds oldest political party as a Secretary of State during George Washingtons presidency, produced â€Å"A Manual of Parliamentary Practice for the Use of the Senate of the United States† as vice president of John Adams, and made the Louisiana Purchase while his presidency, which doubled the size of the United States. He wrote â€Å"Notes on the State of Virginia.† He was a scienceRead MoreHow Effective Is Parliament in Carrying Out Its Representative Role?1226 Words   |  5 PagesGovernment in the UK is a representative body elected for and by the people. The UK uses the parliamentary system as its model of representation; this means the different areas of government which are the legislative, judiciary and executive branches work in and through each other as opposed to the Presidential model which separates the powers. Westminster Parliament is the acting microcosm for the UK society; it is a small group of 365 MPs who are chosen to repre sent their constituencies. Each MPRead MoreThe Constitution For New Zealand Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesorganisation of the government and regulation, and limitations on the functions of government bodies; and by specifying the extent and manner of the exercise of its sovereign powers (Farlex, 2003). New Zealand is an independent monarch country, has a parliamentary government and practises democracy but has no written constitution. Instead, the nation’s constitution are identified in several sources including the prerogative power of Queen, New Zealand statutes, English and United Kingdom statutes, decisionsRead MoreIssaquah Philharmonic Orchestra (Ipo) Was Formed In 2000,1528 Words   |  7 Pages2013, pp. 278-280). Job competencies – medium. The secretary is very strong in administrative tasks and non-profit board requirements, and teaches the entire board on Robert’s Rule of Order Meeting, a manual of parliamentary procedure. On the other hand, the treasurer is weak on financial practices, the monthly financial statement contains mistakes and omissions. Leadership competencies – medium. The leaders of the board are the president, the vice-president, the secretary and the treasurer. PersonalRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Issaquah Philharmonic Orchestra1558 Words   |  7 Pages2013, pp. 278-280). Job competencies – medium. The secretary is very strong in administrative tasks and non-profit board requirements, and teaches the entire board on Robert’s Rule of Order Meeting, a manual of parliamentary procedure. On the other hand, the treasurer is weak on financial practices, evident from mistakes and omissions in the monthly financial statements. Leadership competencies – medium. The leaders of the board are the president, the vice-president, the secretary and the treasurerRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Issaquah Philharmonic Orchestra1546 Words   |  7 Pages2013, pp. 278-280). Job competencies – medium. The secretary is very strong in administrative tasks and non-profit board requirements, and teaches the entire board on Robert’s Rule of Order Meeting, a manual of parliamentary procedure. On the other hand, the treasurer is weak on financial practices, evident from mistakes and omissions in the monthly financial statements. Leadership competencies – medium. The leaders of the board are the president, the vice-president, the secretary and the treasurerRead MoreThomas Jefferson s Influence On The American Revolution1495 Words   |  6 Pagescandidate. He did not win, but instead became vice president under John Adams. Adams and Jefferson had differing political views, therefore Adams did not ask Jefferson for any advice. In order to keep himself busy, Jefferson wrote A Manual of Parliamentary Practice for the Use of the Senate of the United States in 1801, and it is considered to be one of the most useful guides to legislative proceedings ever written (Biography.com Editors). Thomas Jefferson became America’s third president in 1801Read MoreThe Main Role As Part Of The Constitution1710 Words   |  7 Pagesway that is dependable with the perception of democratic acceptability and by doing so ‘bridge the gap between a legal constitution’ which is somewhat out-dated and ‘real constituting’ which is capable to correspond modern demands. However, the practice of using constitutional conventions could be potentially harmful to the society in some cases. It has negative effects on then democracy of a country and its citizens. This is because the convention is informal and it is not backed up by any evidence

Agamemnon And Achilles Essay - 1279 Words

You Reap What You Sow: Honor Received from Hard Work as a Value of the Heroic Outlook on Life in Homer’s The Iliad The Iliad, by Homer, is an epic poem set in the era of the Trojan War, accounting the battle logs during the time of conflict between Agamemnon and Achilles, the text’s tragic protagonist. The heroic outlook on life, in Iliadic terms, is exemplified through the construction of one’s honor through hard work. Being an aspect of the heroic outlook of life, this value is demonstrated through his contribution and dedication to the Trojan War, his experience with neglect from the deities, Achilles’ overall disdain towards Agamemnon, and, lastly, his longingness towards Briseis, his dear lover. Honor can be demonstrated as a†¦show more content†¦The reason why Achilles honor is determined by Zeus is because Achilles feels that since he has a short lifespan, â€Å"Zeus should give him honor† to make his contributions during the war in a short period of time worthwhile. However, Achilles’ is currently neglected by Zeus as the God of Gods gives the Swift Runner â€Å"nothing†, after all his achievements made during the war, feeling mistreated and denied of honor as â€Å"the best of Achaeans†, the hero of the Argives. This implies how Achilles, as a hero, values his achievements and contributions as something worthy of honor, building blocks that constructs his honor not only among men but also the gods. In short, having the deities blessing honor onto a hero is a extravagant recognition to them, meaning that the hard work the hero puts in is greatly appreciated and honored, even by the gods, therefore considered a heroic outlook on life. Referring to the first claim once again, Achilles’ overall disdain towards Agamemnon shows how unheroic characters tend to be the opposite, solidifying the idea that a hero should be contributing with their hard work to gain honor. Achilles describes Agamemnon’s contribution to the war to be minimal, seeing the Lord of Men â€Å"skulking behind the lines, /safe in his fast ships† (Il.9.402-03; Fagles 262). While Agamemnon’s contribution is meek, he is the one who would â€Å"take it all, /[parceling] out some scraps but [keeping] the lion’s share† (Il.9.403-04; Fagles 262),Show MoreRelatedAchilles Vs. Hector Of The Iliad910 Words   |  4 PagesAchilles vs. Hector The Iliad is an epic poem usually attributed to Homer. The poem narrates the story of the war between the Greeks and the Trojans, known as the Trojan War. The Trojan War started when Paris of Troy took Helen, wife of Menelaus, to his homeland. Angry by the kidnapping of his wife, Menelaus (king of Sparta) asks his brother the King Agamemnon (king of the Achaeans) to march to war against the Trojans. The war is fought in the outskirts of Troy, and lasted ten years. The importanceRead MoreWomen in the Iliad Essay example616 Words   |  3 PagesCritical Review Essay Women In the Iliad The role of women in the Iliad is a subject that remains open to debate. Lefkowitz, in her article The Heroic Women of Greek Epic, argues that without the role of women in the Iliad the story would not have occurred (504 ). Lefkowitz points out that the Iliad opens with a description of a plague that was caused as the result of the capture of Chrysies by Agamemnon (504). Chryseis is the daughter of a priest named Chryses. Chryses wants his daughterRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Iliad1555 Words   |  7 Pages This essay will examine different situations, highlight the gods motives and determine the result of the intervention. In Book I of The Iliad, Agamemnon and Achilles get into a fiesty argument after the gods curse their troops with a plague because Agamemnon will not return Chryses, his slave prize, to her father. During this whole confrontation period, Agamemnon threatens Achilles, claiming that he will steal Achilles’s prize, Briseis, and return Chryses home to end the plague. Achilles becomesRead MoreTroy Movie Review1224 Words   |  5 PagesTroy is about the conflict between the Greek city-states, led by Agamemnon, and Troy, ruled by Priam. These two have this conflict because Paris, Prince of Troy, fell in love with Helen, wife of Menelaus who is Agamemnon’s brother and king of Sparta, and took her back to Troy against the wishes of his brother, Hector, who, with his father, had been trying for years to make peace with Sparta and had finally gotten that peace. Agamemnon had recently united all of the Greek city-states and wanted to takeRead More The Role of Women in Homer’ s Iliad Essay796 Words   |  4 PagesThe Role of Women in Homer’s Iliad Homer’s Iliad is undoubtedly focused on its male characters: Achilles, primarily, but also Hector and Agamemnon. Nevertheless, it seems that the most crucial characters in the epic are female. Homer uses the characters of Thetis, Andromache, and Helen as a basis for comparison to the male characters. Homer wants his audience to see and understand the folly of his male characters in choosing war over peace, aggression over kindness, and honor over family. WhileRead MoreThe Gods and Their Interaction with Humans1639 Words   |  7 Pagesbe helping which group and at what particular time. This essay will explain the three main reasons the gods in The Iliad intervened with humans: Firstly, gods who act on their own personal motives, secondly, gods who act as favors to other gods, and finally gods who act as favors to humans. The first instance when a god came down to help for her own personal motives is when Hera sends down Athena to stop Achilles from killing Agamemnon in fit of rage. And as this tumult swayed him, as he slidRead Moreodysseus and achilles1072 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Aaron K. Gillespie Plotnik ENG 220 Essay 1 Recipe For Remembrance The ancient people of Greek mythology believed there was a recipe for a mortal man to claim immortality, and have a name that echoes throughout the ages. The ingredients can be found between the two very popular mythical figures of ancient Greece, Odysseus from Homer’s â€Å"The Odyssey and Achilles from his other timeless story, â€Å"The Iliad†. This document will relay the commonalities shared through tragedy, andRead More Is Achilles right when, in the Iliad XVIII and subsequently, he1658 Words   |  7 PagesIs Achilles right when, in the Iliad XVIII and subsequently, he bitterly blames himself for the death of Patroklos? The main theme of the poem, which is declared at the very beginning is the ‘wrath’ of Achilles. From this we are taken on a journey of human and divine responses. This central theme empowers a magnificently ‘articulated composition out of confusion of battle’.[1] Events that take place during this journey allow Homer to display and develop, within the social framework of heroicRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Iliad Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesBoth stories are similar in goals and destinies and how it affect the main characters. Most people believes that destiny or fate is pre-set and it is changed only by decisions we make that may be selfish and vindicated. Hopefully by the end of the essay the readers will get a better understand of stories similarities and differences. In Gilgamesh it s discovered that he was two thirds god and one-third man, and his knowledge is the significant to his fate. Gilgamesh is a hero that is beautiful,Read MoreComparison Between The Odyssey And The Iliad1068 Words   |  5 Pageswould think. King Achilles was known as the war hero to many, but he had his faults and a very sturdy past; some might thinkClassical Lit). King Achilles was a powerful God to some and was the son of nymph Thetis and Peleus(Classical Lit). He had forced Agamemnon back to Chryseis. He was king of myrmidons and thought of as an Olympic god(Classical Lit). Hector kills Patroclus; who then is killed by King Achilles. This al happened because Patroclaus was a friend of King Achilles but he had killed

Critics on Article 1 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution free essay sample

First, it violates Article I, which guarantees the integrity of the national territory of the Philippines because it divided the Philippines into three states. Second, it violates Section 1, Article II of the Constitution, which provides for the establishment of democratic and republic States by replacing it with three States organized as a confederation. Third, it violates Section 22, Article II of the Constitution, which, while recognizing and promoting the rights of indigenous cultural communities, provides for national unity and development.Fourth, it violates Section 15, Article X of the Constitution, which, provides for autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and in the Cordilleras within the framework of national sovereignty as well as territorial integrity of the Republic of the Philippines. Fifth, it violates the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines. Can the Philippines extend its national territory? Philippines cant even reclaim Mindanao from those al qaeda wannabee s abu sayaf. how you expect it can take over and run additional territory?C. We will write a custom essay sample on Critics on Article 1 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page described the location as off Subic Bay in Zambales. Chinese media said the encounter was near Scarborough Shoal. The Philippine government version of the location of the high seas collision, given two days after the incident, was closer to that of China. Our Defense Assistant Secretary said it was 125 nautical miles off Subic, near the Scarborough Shoal, which is 123 nautical miles from Subic. Under the baseline law, Scarborough shoal is part of Philippine territory classified as a regime of islands. Inclusion of the shoal in Philippine territory was protested by China, which also claims the shoal as well as the whole of South China Sea. Critics: From the three versions of the location of the collision, it can be concluded that it is in Philippine territory. It can be likened to two quarreling bullies bringing their fight into the front yard a third party, which, in this case, is the Philippines. What did the Philippines do after seeing the two intruders fighting in its front yard?Our Press Secretary showed his ignorance of the baseline law said the the two ships were outside Philippine waters. Suggestion: Someone, please give our Press Secretary a copy of the baseline law and the UNCLOS (United Nations Commission on the Law of the Sea) treaty, which the Philippines signed. Underline please the part where maritime regimes or zones are defined: territorial sea (12 nautical miles from the baseline), contiguous zone (24 nm), economic exclusive zone (200 nm), continental shelf (200 nm) and extended continental shelf (350 nm).Critics: Don’t forget to give our Press Secretary a copy of the Philippine Constitution and bookmark Article I, The National Territory which says. The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines. Our Defense Assistant Secretary said there’s nothing to be concerned about because the incident occurred inside the country’s 200-mile exclusive economic zone but outside the country’s 12 nautical mile territorial waters. Our concern is that we must be sure that no foreign vessels enter our territorial waters without authority. We cannot prohibit them from passing through (in economic zones), he said.Critics: It is understandable for Philippine officials to downplay the incident because what can they do? Protest the intrusion of the US and China? One of the four attributes of a state is sovereignty (others are people, territory and government), the supreme right of the state to command obedience within the state. Hard Critics: The incident showed the sad reality that we couldn’t command obedience from intruders in our own territory. Without sovereignty, there is no state. What are we then?

Paraphrasing and Plagiarism

Table of Contents Introduction When is it appropriate to paraphrase? Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Paraphrasing refers to the act of using the content or materials of another writer in your own words (UNSW para. 1). By and large, a paraphrase often tends to be a shorter version of the original text, with additional insights and points of views from the writers, ultimately culminating in a logical piece of writing that has a flow.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Paraphrasing and Plagiarism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other writers have the tendency to forget the use of quotation marks when they have used the words or ideas or another author in their own work. As a result, they end up committing plagiarism (University of Virginia Honor Committee Supplement 2). It is important to note that even though a good paraphrase should be ideally your own work, nonetheless, you still need to cite the origi nal work or materials from where you obtained the ideas. A majority of the students fails to realize that they need to give credit to the original author even when they have paraphrased their work. Otherwise, such a piece of work is regarded as plagiarism. When is it appropriate to paraphrase? There are instances when paraphrasing may be justified. For example, assume that a student has to complete a term paper on the incidents of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among war veterans. In this case, it is important to note that this is a scientific term paper and as such, there are certain key words or scientific terms that cannot be substituted in their meaning. For this reason, paraphrasing could be justified. In addition, paraphrasing may be necessary when the writer has been requested by an instructor to summarize a given article (for example, in the case of an annotated bibliography) within a limited number of words. In this case, the student has little choice of adding their own in cites and observation into such a piece of work. In addition, in case a writer feels that they are in a position to represent the contents of a given source in a more coherent manner in their own words, other than those of the author such as in the use of quotation marks, it becomes necessary therefore to paraphrase such a piece of work (University of Virginia Honor Committee Supplement 2). A proper paraphrase is one in which the writer has successfully managed to bring forth the idea(s) of another author is a more coherent and clear manner, better that the original writer (UNSW para 1). Even so, it is always important for the writer to give credit to the original authors of the ideas.Advertising Looking for term paper on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, let us assume that a student has paraphrased the work of another writer using their own words but has failed to cite the original source. If the instructor manages to match some of the writer’s content with the work of the original author whom the writer failed to give credit by proper citing, the instructor would in such a case deem the student to have committed an act of plagiarism, as opposed to paraphrasing. Conclusion We need to realize that there is nothing wrong with using the ideas of other writers in our own work. However, when we fail to realize the need to give credit to the paraphrased work from another author, then we are indeed committing an act of plagiarism, and this is unethical. Therefore, discipline and the issue of ethics are important in academia because without these, we would not give credit to the authors attributed to the original ideas of our work. Works Cited University of Virginia Honor Committee Supplement. Understanding Plagiarism and Paraphrasing. January 2010. 02 December, 2010. https://honor.virginia.edu/plagiarism-supplement UNSW. Paraphrasing, Summarizing Quoting. 2010. Web. This term paper on Paraphrasing and Plagiarism was written and submitted by user DocSamson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ancient Art of Rome and Greece

This essay is about Admiral Fisher from ww1. We had to write a biography on an influencial figure from that time

This essay is about Admiral Fisher from ww1. We had to write a biography on an influencial figure from that time Admiral Fisher1841-1920Fisher entered the Navy at age of 13. He was a Midshipman in the Crimean War and in China which was 1859-60, where he took part in the capture of Canton. He was promoted to Captain in 1874 and he commanded various ships. During the bombardment of Alexandria 1882 he was a key part of it as Commander of the battleship Inflexible.He held the post of Director of Naval Ordinance and Torpedoes for five years and was appointed to the Admiralty board as Third Sea Lord and Controller of the navy in 1892 where he was responsible for the material efficiency of the fleet. He was knighted in 1894 and became Second Sea lord in 1902 and finally First Sea Lord in 1904.During his time as First Sea Lord Fisher made changes in the organization of the fleet, the administration of dockyards, ship construction, the development of submarines, the conversion of the navy's ships from the use of coal to that of oil, and weapon development.Lord Fisher and Winston Churchill, First Lord of t...To compete with the rapid growing German Navy he reinforced the British naval forces in home waters and scrapped older obsolete ships which released men to full up ships in reserve.He was also responsible for the creation of the battleship "Dreadnought", the prototype of the all-big-gun ship that revolutionized naval construction and was immediately copied by Germany. When the competition with the German navy became severe Germany built more "Dreadnoughts" than England in one year, he persuaded the British government to begin the construction of eight new battleships. He also created the lightly armoured Invincible-type battle cruisers, which carried heavy armaments but relied on speed for their protection. However in the war these proved to be outclassed by the heavily armoured German battle cruisers.He retired in January...

Beowulf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Beowulf - Essay Example Still, the main idea is that the monsters in this story represent the disadvantages and wrongdoings of people and evil nature of human creatures. Such parallel may correspond even to present-day society, and with the help of profound analysis we may distinguish the particular evil that is inherent to a definite monster. First and foremost, Grendel should be admitted, as he is the first monstrous villain who stands on the way of Beowulf. The author even names him â€Å"black Grendel† (Beowulf, 1575-1576). This creature is remained to be of the demonic nature and regarded as a descendant of Cain. As it is known Cain has killed his brother according to the Bible and represented as insidious and treacherous person. Such characteristics may be observed in the image of Grendel, and betrayals together with execration are notable in the vision of this character. Moreover, the readers discovering the idea Cain’s successor subconsciously determine him as a negative character because of the connotations with Bible that lead them to such conclusion. The evil spirit and corrupt soul is reflected in the image of Grendel within this particular story. The second villain to whom the attention should be paid is Grendel’s mother. This monster is considered to be a personalization of revenge and anger. She has intended to kill Aeschere for the death of her son. Devilry and evil are remained the motives that operate her proceedings. This creature has been frightful and contemptible, the author calls her â€Å"monster-woman, remembered her misery† (Beowulf, 1258). We must admit that the image of anti woman and dark mind is presented in this character. Dragon is the monster that has to be noticed surely. This creature defends treasures and attained the features of invincible and aggressive monster. The furious rage with the unlimited power is the characteristics of dragon’s image through the story.

Doman Name Expansion Solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Doman Name Expansion Solution - Essay Example The organization is tasked with the responsibility of identifying and setting minimum standards for which they must adhere to performing their functions as registrars. In furtherance of its duties ICANN also gives recognition to persons as well as entities that meet these standards ‘and to enter into an accreditation agreement that sets forth the rules and procedures applicable to the provision of Registrar Services’ (ICANN 2012a). Since its inception, ICANN has been gradually increasing the suffixes attached to domain names or generic top-level domains (gTLDs). This has been done in response to problems encountered by various groups including businesses and customers. The original domain suffixes include .com, .org and .net. The first set of changes took place in 2001when ICCAN increased the number of gTLDs to 22 to include suffixes such as: .uk, .au and .en. They include the original .com, .net and .org. In addition to that, there are 254 domains that are specific to c ountries and regions – 120 of these are country code domains and 134 At-Large Structures (ALSes) from all geographic regions (ICANN 2012b). The country code domains are represented by the Country Code Names Supporting Organisation (ccNSO). In spite of that increase, a great demand continued to exist for internet names. On June 20, 2011 Internet minders voted unanimously to expand the number of domain names based on company brands, entertainment and political causes. According to The Associated Press (2011) this is the greatest change since the debut of .com in 1984. With this change organisations are now able to make application for gTLDs that contain virtually any word in any language or script (Alex Hall 2011). This change is expected to benefit individuals, companies, cities and regions. It is also expected to reduce the number of disputes that requires resolution. 2.0 Reasons for expanding domain name suffixes Several reasons have been given for the move to expand indefin itely the number of domain name suffixes.  

Maple Ridge Engineering Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Maple Ridge Engineering - Case Study Example At present, Maple Ridge is in dire need of the system to provide information on business solutions. The aim is to ensure that the users are comfortable, not just the developing team. The problem at Maple Ridge is that Staff cannot easily move from one project to another. At the same time and for the same reason, staff cannot easily monitor the resources. The company seeks to implement a system that can move staff between different projects and monitor the positions of the shared resources. The important feedback in this project is the performance of MRE, compared to the experience and the expectations for future. The project is essential for maple Ridge because the benefits are long lasting and sustainable. It will act like an automated framework on which Daniel and Snowden will be able to co-ordinate future projects. The costs are minor, being a once-off payment. After the design of the MRE, the only cost is that of maintenance. The option that can make the project more efficient is to compare it to the already existing successful projects of similar nature, notice how resources are shared, how staff members monitor projects and the methods of delivering feedback. This in fact is the objective. Maple Ridge Engineering has various entities and systems working differently from each other. The desire of Snowden is to integrate the systems to GEMS. 2. Objectives The project has three main objectives within Maple Ridge: To develop a sustainable relationship between staff members and the projects within the organization To provide the management of with transparency about the on going projects, the resource utilization framework and information sharing. To provide necessary support to the staff by encouraging maximum use of the online resources and optimization of the system The principal goal of the desired MRE system is to perform the task of project tracking as well as management. This second goal is to improve the efficiency and output of the new integrated GEMS system to create more accurate estimate for the project resource requirement across all departments in the industry. With a proper integration of the system, the GEMS system is expected to support the movement of the organization staff members from one department of MRE to another and also across the different units. While managing the movement, it will also be facilitating resource utilization and sharing. This is where the time recording functionality comes to play a vital role. All the expectations in the previously proposed system raise issues that require a lot of improvement in the organisational structure and the flow of data and processes. As is evident on the â€Å"Hypercase† website, the main agenda is Maple Ridge. The information and instructions on the website is straight forward providing massive support information about Maple Ridge on the website. Theoretically, the different entities of the MRE function well through the integration. They desired state is that they should be able to share resources equally. A detailed

Introduction To Linguistics And Conversation Analysis Cover English Language Essay

Introduction To Linguistics And Conversation Analysis Cover English Language Essay One thing which makes us find so few people who appear reasonable and agreeable in conversation is, that there is scarcely any one who does not think more of what he is about to say than of answering precisely what is said to him. Franà §ois de La Rochefoucauld (1613-1680) Beginning To master a language is a difficult task for many persons, and to master it in its spoken form even takes more time than learning a new language. Confusions and misunderstandings are commonly observed in conversation. Consider the following example, Fredrick: O Jesus! Suddenly the rain started to pour down! But Suki was so smart that she entered the hall immediately. Kelven: Oh how come she could enter the hall? Did she know the people there? Fredrick: What do you mean Kelven? Wasnt she living in the hall? In the example illustrated, Kelven probably fails to understand what is implicated by Fredricks utterance. Though Fredrick, in this example, has also used a misleading expression in referring to the hall where Suki was residing, a misunderstanding was thus caused. (Schlesinger and Hurvitz, 1969) Misunderstanding can cause a lot of troubles and we have to avoid them. But what are the reasons of causing those misunderstandings? Why in different situations we interpret a speech differently? How can people open and close a conversation well? And the ultimate problem can be, What is conversation and its underneath principles of operations?. The topic of conversation analysis, which is a particular and very important area of discourse analysis, will deal with the problems said. Chapter 8.1 Chapter 8.1A A brief definition of conversation analysis Conversation analysis is a branch of sociology which studies the detailed organization and structure of human conversational interactions in everyday lives; both in verbal and non-verbal sense. (Hutchby and Wooffitt, 2008) In conversation analysis, the structure, orderliness, and sequential patterns in interactions are discussed and studied. (Sidnell, 2010)These sorts of interactions can either be institutional or just in daily, casual conversation. Linguists of conversation analysis are always interested in how we, as language-users, are able to deliver an idea to make others understand about it, and at the same time how we understand the oral language that we hear. (Wang, 2010) It is not only used in linguistics, but it is also a popular concept used in psychology, history, anthropology, etc. (Sidnell, 2010) This subject, like the others, is a progressive development. In the next chapter, the history and changes of conversation analysis throughout the years will be introduced. Chapter 8.1B History and development of conversation analysis The history of conversation analysis can be dated back to late 1960s to early 1970s. The development of it was first inspired by Ethnomethodology, which is a method for understanding how people use social orders to understand the world, by analyzing their descriptions and stories of their daily activities across a long period (Karamjit S. Gill, 1996). Later, sociologist Harvey Sacks with his close associates Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson, define the term in their book Lectures on Conversation, and the study of conversation analysis has soon drawn a great attention from scholars. (Emanuel and Gail, 1972) With over 50 years of development, today it has become a well-known and widely-used research method in social sciences, linguistics, psychology, speech-communication and anthropology. (Carol, 2010) Its influence in interactional sociolinguistics is particular important as it forms a part in both discursive psychology and discourse analysis. (Levinson, 1983) Moreover, in its own right it has also become an important discipline. In recent years, the techniques of conversation analysis have seen being employed in a number of other subjects, like NLP practitioners use the technique to understand the real feeling of a person (Tosey and Mathison 2006); and phoneticians try to use it to explore the fine phonetic detail of speech (Kelly and Local, 1989). After having a brief overview of conversation analysis, the detailed elements of it will be introduced in the next chapter. Chapter 8.1C Assumptions and principles of conversation analysis We do conversations each and every day, with our friends, parents, colleagues and teachers, etc. In making these daily conversational exchanges, people always follow a set of orders or conventions, both consciously and subconsciously. The orders and conventions are different in different occasions. (Sacks, 1992) And, we learn those orders and conventions since they were young and the process of learning is continuous in ones life. Participants in daily conversations have responsibility to produce interpretable messages and to acknowledge the messages received; based on the orders and conventions, to create a successful conversation. George Pasthas (1995) in his book raises the following assumptions and principles of conversation analysis; Order is produced by orderliness. Order is situated and occasioned. Order is oriented by the parties involved in a conversation only. The analyst holds no conceptions in it. Order is repeatable and recurrent. The discovery, description and analysis of that produced orderliness are the tasks of the analyst. Frequencies and varieties of particular phenomena occur are to be set aside in studying the ways in which order is produced. Structures of social actions, once discerned, shall be able to be described and analyzed in formal forms. These principles and assumptions are widely accepted (George, 1995) and conversation analysts nowadays still have their analysis done in this way. In the following chapter, the detailed methodology of how a conversation analysis is conducted will be introduced. Chapter 8.1D Methodology of conversation analysis Similar to other researches, a research on conversation analysis is initiated by setting up a research problem. In normal circumstances, video or audio recorded conversations are used as raw data for conversation analysis. To ensure that data collected is not artificial, often it is simply collected by adding a video camera to the room where the conversation takes place (e.g. medical doctors consultation with a patient), without involvements of researchers. (Have, 2007) At the same time, the researchers make a detailed transcription, assuming that no details of the conversation have been omitted. The researchers, after the transcription, will then have an inductive data-driven analysis aiming to find recurring patterns of interaction. Based on the result of the analysis, a rule or model to explain the occurrence of the patterns is then developed. Conversation in discourse is mutually constructed and negotiated in time between speakers, which is unplanned and informal. (Cook, 1989) Ending Chapter 8.7 Conclusion In short, conversation analysis deals with our daily verbal exchanges, which are vital in daily lives of each and every one of us. Interpreting daily conversations, we now understand, is a highly complex and complicated process. It has long been believed that the meaning has been there already in a piece of oral language. But after studying this chapter, we find that the said definition is far too simplistic. We think that we do not plan before having a conversation with the others. But we apply different strategies indeed but they are seldom noticed. A speaker has to plan well before delivering a speech; and a hearer also has to work quite hard in order to process a piece of conversation indeed. Even the simplest conversation involves many complex decisions. We cover a few key aspects of conversation analysis, which includes turn-taking, overlapping, repairs, silences, sequence and transcription. We also try to analyze a conversation by following a set of transcription conversations. The question stated at the beginning, What is conversation? And what is its underneath principles?, has been answered by conversation analysis. Through studying it, we learn how to communicate with others well, and most importantly, how to use the principles to live well on this Earth.

Racism in “Heart of Darkness” and “Apocalypse Now” Essay

The book â€Å"Heart of Darkness† and the movie â€Å"Apocalypse Now† are two works dealing with deep issues of evil. (Beyond imperialism, because the evil of imperialism has a root. For example, crack the nut) They refer places boiling down to a discussion of racism. The Thames River as in any mythology is a source of life. At the end, Marlow comes upon Kurtz’s Intended and said, â€Å"An object of the fecund†. Also, these two works deal with how a man is surrounded by evil acts and evil minds to fight of the fire fueled by the society. They also talks about how a character is a racist, when that character clearly condemns his way of life by leaving the Congo, and confirms the ills of society by lying about them. Firstly, I think that the racism claims are overstated, in two ways. A) Conrad’s racism, such as it is, is directed not at black people as a whole but rather as Africans. I think the prejudice must be recognized as activism, or whatever the proper term is, rather than as racism. B) Conrad is critical, not solely of Africans and their way of life, but also of European culture. He’s just as anti-white as he is also anti-black. Additionally, I think that Conrad may be considered a racist if and only if you decide that the definition of racism is thinking your race is better, but I really don’t think that he could be considered a white supremacist or that he really contained a deep hatred for Africans. In fact, I don’t think that he was even that serious on his own race. It is because that overtime he describes the presence of the white imperialist or any white people in general, he describes them in a bitter, dark way. And while he describes the Africans in a sort of blunt way as natural, rustic, raw people. I also think he does it in a much lighter way. I don’t think he criticizes the way they were. I just think he is ignorant of the political correctness found in today’s society. Moreover, I don’t consider the answer is simple enough to just say one is good and the other is bad. We have to keep in mind when this book was written. In that time period the other didn’t really have much perception at all on what the African people were like. He only could go by the common knowledge of the day that wasn’t very pleasant. I don’t think that we can expect an author in that time to be a non-racist. Ever since I read that article, I have thought of the book as being pretty disturbing. I don’t know if I would have considered this book quite so frustrating. If I had not read that article, since the racism is the only part of the book that I have been able to focus on. I still think it is very well written and interesting, but it is more difficult to enjoy it, knowing that the author was so racist. Then again, I suppose one cannot expect much more coming from a story written at a time when whites didn’t know hardly anything about other races, and cultures. Ultimately, I believe that there is a definitely a strong element of racism in both Heart Of Darkness and Apocalypse Now. However, I believe that the article on ‘Achebe’ overreacts. Granted Conrad displays no respect for the African Culture, this is historical fact and granted that it is not good. It is a part of history in which it cannot be ignored, so it will never happen again stating that black people should be grateful of the white because they were the ones who got them out of slavery in the first place.

Principles of Business Management

Question 1 The lowest level of social responsibility is best describes the Interface Company’s current operations. There are no tradeoff between social responsibility and profit. Just usually it does pay for gain more. Always consider how to get maximal profit. How company to be profitable from the economic activities that always putting on the top issue. And do not care about other organization’s social responsibility. Such as obey laws and regulations by legal, abide by principles of right and wrong at an ethical.In the annual meeting, though not usually at a loss for words, but I was had trouble that answer customers questions about the dangers of the materials and processes used by my company. They doggedly persistent but I was hesitant because I know facts of truth that must do not acceptable as publics. For the Interface Company’s current operations definitely be profitable by economic. As to our carpet product material is petroleum-based material and consu med that bring bad effect which is greenhouse gases emitted.Of course carpet is not recyclable that made by this type of materials. And the old carpet is dumped in a landfill. Here's to see how unethical, using raw materials from the earth that mean to plunder the Earth's limited resources. And company do not for environmental protection contribute towards, but to produce non-recyclable products, even waste of land resources and then to landfill waste. You know the Earth's resources are shared by everyone, also requires common protection.On the other hand, Interface generates of dollars in revenue each year, but, in the manufacturing process, it extracts over 1 billion pounds of raw materials from the earth. That showing usually it does pay for try to gain more. However seem do not reach the aims efficaciously, even easily to be reported potential ethics violations caused by undermine ecological environment in the earth surface layer. During the excavation of raw materials, will des troy the surrounding environment, removing vegetation, water pollution, noise and exhaust gases and so on.Furthermore, production or to explore the same time, if the management of front-line staff lack of supervision, it is easy to occur the matter outside the regulatory approvals, such as pollution and environmental damage assessment is beyond the previously acceptable circumstances; hire illegal workers, employee payroll deductions or benefits employees to work in unsafe conditions and so on. There most overlooked here is the law. Moreover Interface is also a profligate water user, requiring millions of gallons a year for its manufacturing process. That amount of water equivalent to 5. 4 Olympic-size swimming pool.These are just wasting resources activities and only adopting follow old-fashion procedures for economic profitable but also those are not smart strategy on operation at all. Question 2 As explain the Interface Company’s environmental vision to task force. I am go ing to revolutionize the relationship between the business and environment. So I would like to use the Five P’s of marketing to sustainability in long-term development. That is refers to: People, Product, Place, Profits and Process. First, the most important people in my business are the people who work with and for me. Hiring the right people is one of the most important things.They are the face of your product to the world as well as the hands behind the scene that make sure everything gets done correctly and on time. As a CEO of Interface I must work hard to develop my employees and to manage them with dignity so they want to work for me. Second, I will revolutionize my product. An idea is open two product lines that respectively adopt two materials which are wool and PET to supersede the petroleum-based materials. I am seeking some materials are environmentally preferable. Then wool is matching my required because it compares to petroleum-based Nylon or Polypropylene as a material for carpets as non-harmful.Wool has excellent durability, can be dyed easily for colorful. Global wool production is approximately only 1. 3 million metric ton per year. So there are not allows extracts raw materials from the earth again and destroy the environment. For example: greenhouse gases emit during manufacturing process. I am seeking some materials can to recycle, reduce, reuse and renew. So as a carpet fiber, make using PET (polyethylene terephthalate) that is extrudes from recycled plastic bottles, contain 100 percent post-consumer recycled content. PET bottles are sorted, ground into fine chips, and then cleaned.These chips are then melted and extruded into fiber and spun into carpet yarn. Every part of the plastic bottle is recycled, including the cap, the label, and the bottle. The cap and the label are used to make carpet cores around which the carpet is wrapped. These are reused over and over again, unlike cardboard cores that would typically be discarded. The actual bottle is then used to make the PET carpet fiber. So that, using recyclable material way can stop dumping the old carpet in expensive land resources. Third, Place: This refers to two views: the outlets where I sell my products and establish manufacturing factories.To former I will set store centre in Canada, Europe and Asia-Pacific whole business district because expensive products should be placed in expensive outlets. The latter, I would like to set up manufacturing factories in Mexico, Hungary and Philippines. For the reasons its’ are near target customers that as soon as deliver goods to all store centre. Moreover is near my offices that I can contact easily and keep monitor. Fourth is the profit. It is refer to product factors are necessary decline cost. It is because adopt wool and PET also can abandon extracts raw materials cost and water cost used for not recyclable carpet.Beside, I will get the good-will through to protect environment. In addition, carpet of diversify of two product lines are benefit for company. Wool natural without harmful hazardous substances appears in air. PET is using waste plastic to recycle as to valuable carpet. Refer to place factor, to formulate pricing strategy such as all stores centre is direct marketing that can avoid the carpet cost raise by agents. And establish manufacturing factories in developing countries for decline cost. Moreover is environmental regulations in these countries generally control on low.So that can avoid oppose if set up in more developed countries. Fifth, process takes into account all of the previous P’s to ensure that each customer has a good experience when they do business with Interface. My process includes everything that I did to get my product to the consumer including all of the planning and paperwork and marketing that it took to do it. Such as strict compliance with local environmental regulations, product quality control, new pricing strategies so on. I must a lso be able to review my procedures to more have to have efficient procedures in place that make my business run as effectively as possible.After revolutionize, there are use easily reenter nature without depositing toxins, also be recyclable into new materials. Net effect on the environment be zero and infinitely recycled during manufacturing process. It take over is use renewable resources and that eliminate all waste steams. According above Five P’s of marketing, Interface can change its processes to be environmentally friendly without compromising the company’s growth. It is absolutely yes developing at environmental vision sustainability. Question3 I would like to create Interface Company's social responsibility management system and relevant policies and procedures.Develop a system to collect and measure social responsibility performance data in line with internationally recognized standards. Then create a communications platform to engage with our stakeholders, aiming to improve social responsibility strategy reporting. Moreover, participate in a broad range of domestic and global corporate social responsibility events, increase our ability to influence the development of social responsibility and build our reputation as a responsible business. Employees are our greatest asset. So that except select and hire ethical employees, train employees to make ethical decisions in ethical climate.I also will provide support and incentives to encourage employee participation. Add more conventional and post-conventional communion by stages of moral development. Interface Company goal of social responsibility is to encourage the company’s actions toward the positive impact of consumer, community and employee responsibility. Companies involved with social responsibility take action to voluntarily eliminate production practices that could cause harm for the public, regardless of whether here are required by law. For example, a plant that uses chem icals could implement a safety inspection checklist to guide taff in best practices when handling potentially dangerous substances and materials. If factories makes excessive noise and vibration could analyze the effects its work has on the environment by surveying local residents. The information received could be used to adjust activities and develop soundproofing to lessen public exposure to noise pollution. I will start to implement our Green Action Plan to reduce energy consumption and manage waste, working with our business partners to build environmentally-friendly practices into our value chain, creating a green industry chain.Through the new carpet of PET, I also helped other industries reduce energy consumption and manage waste, for example recycle industries. Try actively involved in community development. Companies, businesses and corporations concerned with social responsibility align with appropriate institutions to create a better environment to live and work. For exa mple, may set up a foundation to assist in learning or education for the public. This action will be viewed as an asset to all of the communities that it serves, while developing a positive public profile.Interface also needs to involve in philanthropy make monetary contributions that provide aid to local charitable, educational and health-related organizations to assist under-served or impoverished communities. This action can assist people in acquiring marketable skills to reduce poverty, provide education and help the environment. For example, focuses on global initiatives for education, agriculture and health issues, donating computers to schools and those who donated supplies to the disaster. Social development, enterprises can be develop and survive.So that creating shared value for thrive to be profitable and successful businesses. An example of how interact works can be a company-sponsored contest involving a project to improve the management and access of water used by a fa rming community, to foster public health. Interface Companies that engage in socially responsible investing use positioning to exert pressure on businesses to adopt socially responsible behavior themselves. Should be creates an educational dialogue for the public by developing social community awareness.That can use media and Internet distribution to expose the potentially harmful activities of organizations. This kind of collective activism can be affective in reaching social education and awareness goals. Integrating a social awareness strategy into the business model can also aid companies in monitoring active compliance with ethical business standards and applicable laws. I will ensure our business grows in harmony with society. Ensuring our technology is widely accessible and applied in ways that benefit society. I will: To further expand our business coverage and delivers efficiently and extend to remote regions.Develop a diverse set of products and services that satisfy our c ustomer needs. Create a secure and healthy environment for customers. Help those in need by supporting poverty alleviation and education. Contribute to the overall advancement of society and culture. Words: 1860 References Residential Carpet Tile | Simply Green | Environmentally Friendly Flooring: http://www. simplygreencarpet. com/index_files/Page1652. htm everSTRAND: http://www. carpet-inspectors-experts. com/everstrand-smartstrand. htm Carpet – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Carpet#Modern_carpeting_and_installation Wool – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wool Polyethylene terephthalate – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate#cite_note-16 Carpet. org – Recycled/PET Carpet: http://www. carpet. org/recycled-PET Main Page – Carpet Concept Company Limited: http://www. carpetconcept. com. hk/? main Corporate Social Responsibility Stra tegy and Boards of Director: http://www. exed. hbs. edu/assets/Documents/board-responsibility. pdf

Why everyone should visit Jamaica essays

Why everyone should visit Jamaica essays Close your eyes and picture a beautiful sunset meeting far away on the shimmering clear blue water in front of you. You feel a cool breeze and a hot sun against your skin and the feeling of the warm sand beneath your feet. You walk forward and feel the refreshing water wet your legs and you are tickled as a school of tropical fish passes you by. You spot the palm trees and wild plants off the shore. Are you in an unreal paradise? It is Jamaica. Jamaica is blessed with superb geographical location and resources that makes it a great vacation spot. It is an island country south of Cuba and north of South America. Therefore, you must fly or sail there. Its short distance from the United States makes it a short distance from here and that is great for fliers. It is probably a four-hour flight. Jamaica is only about seventeen degrees above the equator so it is very warm all year round. (Grab your sunglasses and tanning oil!) Everyone sees the commercials for the white-sanded beaches and t he clear blue water but Jamaica's terrain is mountainous except for those several tracts of lowlands that you see on TV. In fact, Blue Mountain's, that is the highest mountain in Jamaica, is 7402 ft. So, if you plan on going to Jamaica you had better think of bringing your hiking boots. The island is also equipped with excellent natural harbors, including those at Kingston, Saint Ann's Bay, Montego Bay, and Port Maria. There is no volcanic activity in Jamaica but it is subject to severe earthquakes. Plants and Animals Jamaica is filled with luxurious and diverse vegetation. There are varieties of food such as the mango, breadfruit, banana, and plantain. Jamaica is not only blessed with great plenty of natural wonders but it's people and their culture are probably it's greatest resource, and that is what draws the people to the island. Jamaica's great dependency on Great Britain form the past 300 years shows in the language they speak and in their customs, w...

Manual for canning Essays - Canned Food, Food Preservation

Manual for canning Essays - Canned Food, Food Preservation Manual for canning MANUAL FOR CANNING DILLY BEANS BY: JOE THOMPSON Table of Contents ________________________________________ WARNINGS..3 HOME CANNING PRINCIPALS....4 CHAPTER 1: ITEMS NEEDED...5 ?EQUIPMENT....?6-11 ?INGREDIENTS...12 CHAPTER 2: EQUIPMENT PREPARATION13 ?JARS, BANDS, AND LIDS.14 CHAPTER 3: RECIPE PREPARATION....?15-17 CHAPTER 4: PREPARING FOR CANNING...18-20 ?FILLING JARS......................19 ?CLEANINGS JAR RIMS..20 CHAPTER 5: PROCESSING...21-23 CHAPTER 6: AFTER PROCESSING.?...24-26 ?COOLING..24 ?TESTING SEALS.?...25 ?REPROCESSING UNSEALED JARS...26 CHAPTER 7: STORAGE....27 CHAPTER 8: USING HOME CANNED FOODS..?..28 ?OPENING JARS..28 Warnings ________________________________________ One of the most important aspects of canning safety is to remember that you are working with extremely hot material, and that you can get severe burns if proper precautions are not followed. When packing hot foods into jars it can cause splashing. Hot jellies and jams in particular can cause bad burns because it tends to stick to the skin. Do not try putting jars into the canner or taking them out with bare hands or pot holders, ALWAYS use a jar lifter. A full canner will be very heavy, use proper lifting techniques, get help, or move a few jars at a time to prevent back injury. Check all new and used jars for flaws, scratches, cracks, and chips. They can break in the canner and cause cuts. Canning with small children can be dangerous. Give them a job helping with prep work, keep them away from the hot objects. High temperatures, sharp objects, breakable glass and potential spread for bacteria are all dangers. Canning, like cooking, does have all these potential dangers. But with proper training and supervision it is a fun activity for adults and children. Home Canning Principles ________________________________________ Understanding how to prevent food spoilage and deterioration is the key to canning safety and success, here are some tips: ?Wash foods to remove some of the spoiling agents ?Apply heat at the correct temperature ?Process foods for the specific amount of time designated ?Properly store and handle canned foods Ensure quality foods by doing the following: ?Select produce at its peak of freshness and flavor. ?Choose varieties best suited for canning. ?Can foods immediately after harvesting or purchasing. ?If food cannot be canned immediately, properly store to prevent further deterioration. ?Carefully remove small diseased areas or bruised spots. ?Get rid of diseased, moldy, insect damaged and overripe foods. Items Needed ________________________________________ EquipmentChapter 1 ________________________________________ Water Bath Canner ?Used for processing high-acid foods Equipment Chapter 1 ________________________________________ Wire Canning Rack ?Used to lower jars into the water bath canner Equipment Chapter 1 ________________________________________ Jar Lifter ?Used to remove jars from the water bath canner EquipmentChapter 1 ________________________________________ Jars, bands and lids ?Used for holding and preserving the dilly beans EquipmentChapter 1 ________________________________________ Ladle and bubble freer ?Ladle is used to pour hot liquid into jars. EquipmentChapter 1 ________________________________________ Saucepot and jar pot ?Jar pot used for keeping jars, lids, and bands sterile ?Saucepot used for liquid ingredients IngredientsChapter 1 ________________________________________ Yield: about 4 pints or 2 quarts ?2 pounds green beans cup canning salt ?2 ? cups vinegar ?2 ? cups bottled water ?1 teaspoon cayenne pepper, divided (optional) ?4 cloves garlic ?4 heads dill Equipment Preparation Chapter 2 ________________________________________ 1.Fill Water Bath Canner ? full of tap water 2.Set canner on largest burner on the stove 3.Turn burner to high and put lid on Equipment Preparation Chapter 2 ________________________________________ Jars, bands and lids 1.Fill jar pot with tap water 2.Add jars, bands, and lids to water 3.Put on stove 4.Medium heat 5.Put lid on pot Recipe Preparation Chapter 3 ________________________________________ Green Beans Recipe Preparation Chapter 3 ________________________________________ ?Trim Green Beans with scissors ?Rinse beans well with cold water in a colander Recipe Preparation Chapter 3 ________________________________________ ?Prepare heads of dill and garlic (set aside) ?Mix canning salt, vinegar and water into sauce pot, set on burner(high heat),stirring Preparing for Canning Chapter 4________________________________________ Preparing for Canning Chapter 4 ________________________________________ ?Pack green beans into jars ?Add garlic clove, head of dill and cayenne pepper PREPARING FOR CANNING Chapter 4 ________________________________________ ?Ladle boiling liquid into jars leaving ? inch headspace ?Wipe rims of jars with a clean towel and install lids and bands (finger tight) PROCESSING Chapter 5 ________________________________________ ?Set jars into canning rack ?Slowly lower canning rack into water bath canner PROCESSING Chapter 5________________________________________ ?Wait for water to come to a complete rolling boil ?Put lid on water bath canner and let boil for a complete 10 minutes PROCESSING Chapter 5________________________________________ ?After 10 minutes remove lid from water bath canner ?Use jar lifter to remove jars from water bath canner AFTER PROCESSING Chapter 6________________________________________ ?Set jars about 1 inch apart from each other on a towel ?Let jars cool for about 12 hours AFTER PROCESSING Chapter 6________________________________________ ?Remove bands from jars ?Lightly pull up on lid with the

Registered nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Registered nursing - Essay Example RNs are responsible for teaching patients or family members on how to take care of post-treatment home care, diet and exercise programs, and self-administration of medication and physical therapy and at times grief counseling as well. (Occupational Outlook Handbook) 1 Registered nurses also team up with doctors in the performance of treatments, tests and examinations, the administration of medications, and the provision of direct patient care in convalescence and rehabilitation. (Mayo School of Health Sciences) 2 RNs also provide direct patient care, they observe, asses, and record symptoms, reactions, and progress, which provides the basis for care planning and intervention. Registered nurses work in various settings from patient care and case management to establishing nursing practice standards, developing quality assurance procedures, directing complex nursing care systems, conducting clinical research, teaching in nursing programs, legal nursing as well as practicing in many other stimulating settings. (Explore health careers) 3 RNs can also specialize in one or more patient care specialties separated by work setting type of treatment; disease, ailment, or condition; organ or body system type; or population. They may specialize by becoming ambulatory care nurses, critical care nurses, emergency, or trauma, nurses, home health care nurses, hospice and palliative care nurses, medical-surgical nurses, perianesthesia nurses, perioperative nurses, radiologic nurses, psychiatric nurses, etc. the list is endless. Aspiring nurses must graduate from an approved nursing program and pass a national licensing examination, the NCLEX-RN, in order to get a nursing license. After this there are different means of becoming an RN. The first method is a bachelor’s of science degree in nursing (BSN); these programs are offered by colleges and universities and require four years of study. The second

Biography of Nikola Tesla Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biography of Nikola Tesla - Research Paper Example Tesla completed his education at Technical University at Graz, University of Prague. He breathed his last in New York. Though born in Croatia, he came to United States in the year 1884 and was working along with Thomas Edison. The two had worked together on many projects and both parted ways shortly thereafter. Tesla did not confine his research to a particular area alone and was actively involved in the areas of robotics, wireless transmission of energy, radar and many others (Seifer, 1998). The researches made by Tesla led the ground for many inventions and discoveries at a later point of time by other inventors. He was known to have highest patents up to about 700 of them in the twentieth century. The efforts and results of Tesla’s research paved way for greater technological advancements. He was fondly called as the Father of AC Current, The Man Who Invented the 20th Century and also Father of the Radio. All these names are provided as he laid the foundation for greatest a dvancement in various sphere in the 20th century (O'Neill, 2007). Tesla completed his electrical and mechanical engineering course from the Polytechnic Institute in Graz, Austria. He inherited his inventive thoughts from his mother who used to create absolutely innovative ways to help at farm and home. The idea of rotating magnetic hit Tesla when he was working at the Central Telephone Exchange in Budapest in the year 1882. At the age of 24 years, Tesla decided to move to New York where there was proper back up for his research. With his move to New York came the opportunity to work with Thomas Edison by way of recommendation. Tesla and Thomas worked together in the electrical and magnetic fields related areas. There rose a professional rivalry between Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla over the concept of alternating current. Edison was of the opinion that current can flow through one direction, the direct way. Tesla challenged this contention and brought forth the idea that current ca n move in the alternative direction as well. Tesla declared that electric energy comes in a cycle and could easily change the course of direction. He further held that the current created through alternative current method could generate more voltage current than the direct ones. This idea did not go down well with Edison who felt that his ideas are far away from what Thomas had at hand. Edison did not recognize Tesla’s idea about alternating current and did not award him with the bonus that he deserved. Eventually, Tesla quit working with Edison and moved apart. Soon after his departure with Thomas Edison, Tesla joined hands with George Westinghouse, one of the well known American industrialist and inventor of that time. George Westinghouse was a rival of Thomas Edison so he roped in Tesla into his group and encouraged his research on the alternating current AC. Tesla worked with George in order to develop the alternating current in the year 1888. George Westinghouse investe d and bought 40 patents of Tesla for the polyphase alternating current system for using over motors, transformers and that of generators. Electricity was considered to be dangerous at that time due to several mishaps and shocks that happened while researching. Edison fuelled the fear for electric current by creating mishaps and creating the belief that alternative current is dangerous and only direct current serves the purpose of providing a safe current for home and

Accounting System of a Firm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Accounting System of a Firm - Essay Example Certain step must then be followed in planning a systems development project plan. Typically, this procedure starts with the identification of the problems as well as the objective for conducting the project. Along with the identification of the capability of the organization to support the project, designing the system to be applied is then created. In order to ensure the efficacy of the designed system, this will undergo a series of tests and evaluation procedures. After which, the system is then installed. The process however does not stop here as the system will have to be monitored continuously. Furthermore, the employees who will be using the new system must be trained properlyThe process involved in a systems development project plan is indeed an essential tool that enables project developers and managers to ensure the efficacy of the system employed. The systematize process provides significant controls that helps in people and task management. Following a specific project pl an also allows the project staff to identify potential problems that could arise. Thus, this organized procedure helps the staff to prepare alternatives and solutions that could address these possible problems. In order to comprehend the process of implementing a systems development project plan, a case of a small accounting firm will be taken as an example. With the expert help of an IT consulting firm and a sixty thousand dollar budget, the firm intends to have a system that will integrate its main operations including administrative functions and report production. In this case example, the objectives of the project, the role of the project manager and the problems that could occur during the different phases of the project plan will be identified. The small accounting firm aims to implement a systems development project. With this main goal, the firm intends to achieve the following objectives: To design and apply an integrated system that will allow it to perform administrative functions and produce essential accounting reports To develop a specific step-by-step procedure for the project's application To implement an effective system development project within a limited budget To have the system installed in eight weeks time Though these established objectives will help in directing the project team, certain constraints could hinder their achievement. Time and budget for instance are significant constraints for this project. Within eight weeks, the integrated system must be installed in the firm. Unlike bigger corporations, smaller firms have fewer resources to support long term project plans. Thus, the project team must work rapidly so as to meet the deadline and avoid financial shortage. These factors in turn add more pressure to the project staff. Putting the project team into much pressure can cause the members to prioritize time over quality, which can significantly affect the efficiency of the project. When the main objective of the project team is to finish the project on time, the long term success of the project may be negatively affected. Quality is also an important factor for a successful project. However, working under time pressure while maintaining work quality can be difficult and can burnout and stress among the participants (Gobeli, Gray & Larson, 1991). Time is indeed a major constraint in project management, especially when the firm expects to see the project results within an unrealistic time span (Baumgartner, 1979). Unrealistic work schedules can not only cause stress among the staff but can also affect their motivation to finish the project. Handling people is also a major constrain

Acids and Alkalis Lab Report Essay Example for Free

Acids and Alkalis Lab Report Essay An acid is a group of chemicals. Acids are positively charged ions, they are liquid and are solutions of pure compounds in water. If you want to know if something is an acid, you can test it by using litmus paper. Acids will turn litmus paper red, whilst alkalis will turn it blue. Alkalis are negatively charged ions and are usually solid. Aim:To find out how much of different acids is needed to neutralize 25mls of sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH). Hypothesis:The strongest alkali will need the smallest amount of an acid to cancel out and the weakest will need more acid. Variables: Control| Independent| Dependent| The indicator, NaOH| H2SO4 HClHNO3| The chemical reaction between the acids and alkali. | Materials / Apparatus: * H2SO4 * HCL * HNO3 * Alkali (NaOH) * Stand * Burette * Beaker * Funnel * Bunsen Burner * Crucible * Phenolphyalein Method: 1. Pour the 25 ml of NaOH into a beaker. 2. Drop three drops of phenolphyalein into the beaker. 3. The solution will now turn pink. . Through a funnel, pour the acid into the burette. Start dripping a few drops one by one into the beaker. 6. The solution will start getting a lighter shade of pink. 7. Stir the beaker around. 8. Once the solution turns clear, stop adding more acid. 9. Calculate the amount of acid used. 10. Take the solution and pour a bit of it into a crucible. 11. Light the Bunsen burner. 12. The salt solution will turn into salt crystals when it is heated. NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O NaOH + HNO3 = NaNO3 NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O Observations: Alkali| Acid| Moles| Observation| NaOH| HCL| 1 Mole| Took 4 ml to neutralize. No further experiment was made. | NaOH| HCL| 0. 1 Mole| Took 31 ml to neutralize. 2. 30 minutes until pink salt crystals were formed. | NaOH| HNO3| 1 Mole| Took 19. 2 ml to neutralize. 2 minutes until good white salt crystals were formed. | NaOH| H2SO4| 2 Moles| Took 1. 1 ml to neutralize. 2. 15 minutes until rings of white salt were formed. | Analysis: The weakest acid (HCl 0. 1 Mole) needed the most alkali to be made into salt and the strongest (H2SO4 2 Moles) needed the least. Different experiments made different salts. Conclusion: The strongest acid will work faster and you will need less. This is because it is a lot more reactive than the weaker acids and it will want to react much faster with the alkali. Evaluation: In my group, Zuzanna and I were the ones doing the experiment while everyone else observed and took notes on what happened. The first time, we dropped one too many drops of H2SO4 in the alkali so the alkali quickly turned pink again. We had to try it six times before we could get it right because we kept putting too much in or we would forget how much we put in. But after a few tries we finally got it to work and we got the correct solution. Therefore we could finally go on to the next step and heat up the solution. It took our salt around 2 minutes and 15 seconds to heat up, evaporate and leave us with small rings of white salt crystals. Our salt crystals did not turn out as the best, but they were successful.

Essay --

â€Å"In July 1945, the first atomic bomb was tested in New Mexico and the next month the second and third weapons off the production line were dropped on Japan. Since then no nuclear weapons have been used in anger, although tens of thousands have been accumulated by the major powers and their destructiveness and sophistication increased immensely.† The nature of warfare is constant and evolved from multiple factors and military revolutions over time. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most important military revolution in history and highlight its effects that permeate modern day society. The proliferation of nuclear weapons is the most significant military revolution that led to the greatest changes in warfare, which include the immergence of new threats such as non-state actors, the shift from total war to low intensity conflict, and the importance of technology and innovation. This military revolution completely shattered existing paradigms of warfare due to th e real threat of nuclear weapons’ total destruction of humanity. The arrival of nuclear weapons transformed the international playing field permanently and new threats such as non-state actors have immerged as a result. Initially, only superpowers with nuclear arsenals had a global role as was evident during the Cold War between the U.S. and Soviet Union, but nuclear proliferation triggered a race to possess this power in the last 60 years. The possible employment of nuclear weapons between the two superpowers during the Cold War was unprecedented. The power of this stalemate shattered the paradigm of warfare and demonstrated how significant this military revolution’s effects were even at the mere threat of nuclear weapons use. Regarding this standoff between t... ... examined the importance of the nuclear weapons military revolution and its lasting impacts on modern day society. Evidence presented supports why this military revolution had the most impact of all on warfare and was carefully illustrated through the immergence of new threats, the shift from total war and high intensity conflict to low intensity conflict and finally, the critical role that technology and innovation has played since the advent of nuclear weapons. This is important in today’s operational and strategic environment due to the fact that American military and political leadership will continue to have taken in account the use of nuclear weapons on the battlefield. As globalization continues to set the conditions for nuclear weapons proliferation worldwide, the restraints and operational risks will dramatically increase and affect all strategic planning.

novel Rebecca

In the novel Rebecca, du Maurier uses techniques, such as dialogue and setting description, to create suspense and tension. But in the movie, Hitchcock uses different techniques, like music and scenery, to create the right kind of suspense and tension for his audience. The plots are the same, but the techniques are not. In the novel, the author uses a lot of dialogue to create the suspense needed to make the storyline interesting. For example, on page 259 in chapter 19, the narrator is speaking with Ben. â€Å"‘The fishes have eaten her up by now, haven’t they? † he said. Who? † I said. â€Å"Her,† he said, â€Å"the other one. † â€Å"Fishes don’t eat steamers, Ben. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The narrator does not understand that Ben is speaking about Rebecca’s body in the cabin of the boat that was found. This creates suspense by the reader not knowing what’s going on or whose body was found, since Maxim has not yet told the narrator that it is Rebecca’s body in the cabin and that he killed her. Du Maurier also uses fog mixed with dialogue to create the suspense and tension that’s needed and wanted. An excellent example of this would be on page 246 in chapter 18, when Mrs. Danvers tries to coax the narrator into jumping out of the window to her death. ‘She pushed me towards the open window. I could see the terrace below me grey and indistinct in the white wall of fog. â€Å"Look down there,† she said. â€Å"It’s easy, isn’t it? Why don’t you jump? It wouldn’t hurt, not to break your neck. It’s a quick, kind way. It’s not like drowning. Why don’t you try it? Why don’t you go? ’ The fog filled the open window, damp and clammy, it stung my eyes, it clung to my nostrils. I held onto the window-sill with my hands. ’ The fog covers the ground so the narrator cannot see how far up she really is. Not to mention the reader does not know whether or not the narrator will follow through with jumping or not. She’s already at the open window, all she has to do is step out. In the movie version of the novel Rebecca, Alfred Hitchcock uses different techniques than du Maurier does. Instead of using setting description, he just uses scenery because you can actually see it. For example, he uses the setting descriptions of the narrator’s dream from the beginning of the novel to create the scenery, visuals, and the enactment of the dream in the movie. The dream in the movie sounds exactly like the dream in the novel, but you can actually see it instead of imagining it. The suspenseful part is when the house is dark and there is no sign of life. But suddenly, a light turns on. Also, he uses scenery as Manderly burns to the ground at the end of the movie. Hitchcock also uses music to create suspense and tension. As mentioned earlier, Manderly is burnt down and as Maxim figures out that it’s Manderly burning, suspenseful music plays. Earlier in the movie, the narrator tells Mrs. Danvers to remove certain things from the room. Mrs. Danvers asks her why, and the narrator replies, â€Å"Because I am Mrs. de Winter now. † As she says this, suspenseful music plays. The techniques used in the movie and in the novel are very different. The only similar technique is dialogue, and the way things are stated by the characters. They’re different because scenery is not included in a story. The author must use descriptions of the current setting so you can imagine it in your mind, since it isn’t being projected in front of your eyes like a movie. You cannot use music in a book, because you will not be able to hear it. So, film directors such as Alfred Hitchcock use certain types of music to set different moods. For example, eerie music is used to create suspense, and music with high notes is used to create a happy, light-hearted mood. This is not possible in a novel unless the author describes it to you. Finally, the movie and the novel both use certain techniques to create different amounts of suspense and tension. The types of techniques may be different, but they work. They create the mood that is necessary. IF you read the book and then watch the movie, you will notice the different styles of techniques that du Maurier and Hitchcock use.

“Structural and Semantic Properties of Phraseological Units”

, ?. ?. : â€Å"Structural and semantic properties of phraseological units† IV -48 : . ?. ?. – 2011 Plan Introduction 1. Problems with the definition of phraseological units. The groups of phraseological units according their meaning 2. Ways of forming of phraseological units 3.Semantic structure of phraseological units Conclusions References Introduction Phraseological units, or idioms, as they are called by most western scholars, represent what can probably be described as the most picturesque, colourful and expressive part of the language’s vocabulary. If synonyms can be figuratively referred to as the tints and colours of the vocabulary, then phraseology is a kind of picture gallery in which are collected vivid and amusing sketches of the nation’s customs, traditions and prejudices, recollections of its past history, scraps of folk songs and fairy-tales.Quotations from great poets are preserved here alongside the dubious pearls of philistine wisdom and crude slang witticisms, for phraseology is not only the most colourful but probably the most democratic area of vocabulary and draws its resources mostly from the very depths of popular speech. Our abstract is devoted to the problem of defining the phraseological units and to their structural and semantic features. We try to analyze the works of different scholars, which researched these questions and to systematize their conclusions. Problems with the definition of phraseological units.The groups of phraseological units according their meaning In modern linguistics, there is considerable confusion about the terminology associated with these word-groups. Most Russian and Ukrainian scholars use the term â€Å"phraseological unit†, which was first introduced by Academician V. V. Vinogradov whose contribution to the theory of Russian phraseology cannot be overestimated. The term â€Å"idiom†, widely used by western scholars, has comparativ ely recently found its way into Russian and Ukrainian phraseology but is applied mostly to only a certain type of phraseological unit as it will be clear from further explanations.There are some other terms denoting more or less the same linguistic phenomenon: set-phrases, phrases, fixed word-groups, collocations. The confusion in the terminology reflects insufficiency of positive or wholly reliable criteria by which phraseological units can be distinguished from â€Å"free† word-groups. It should be pointed out at once that the â€Å"freedom† of free word-groups is relative and arbitrary. Nothing is entirely â€Å"free† in speech as its linear relationships are governed, restricted and regulated, on the one hand, by requirements of logic and common sense and, on the other, by the rules of grammar and combinability.One can speak of a black-eyed girl but not of a black-eyed table (unless in a piece of modernistic poetry where anything is possible). Also, to say t he child was glad is quite correct, but a glad child is wrong because in Modern English glad is attributively used only with a very limited number of nouns (e. g. glad news), and names of persons are not among them. Free word-groups are so called not because of any absolute freedom in using them but simply because they are each time built up anew in the speech process where as idioms are used as ready-made units with fixed and constant structures.So we can give the definition of each type of unit given above to use them correctly. First of all, set-phrases imply that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word-groups. The term â€Å"word-equivalent† stresses not only semantic but also functional inseparability of certain word-groups, their aptness to function in speech as single words. A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound â€Å"right† to native Englis h speakers, who use them all the time.On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound â€Å"wrong†. Look at these examples: the fast train – the quick train; fast food – quick food The term â€Å"idioms† generally implies that the essential feature of the linguistic units under consideration is idiomaticity or lack of motivation. Uriel Weinreich expresses his view that an idiom is a complex phrase, the meaning of which cannot be derived from the meanings of its elements. He developed a more truthful supposition, claiming that an idiom is a subset of a phraseological unit.Ray Jackendoff and Charles Fillmore offered a fairly broad definition of the idiom, which, in Fillmore’s words, reads as follows: â€Å"†¦an idiomatic expression or construction is something a language user could fail to know while knowing everything else in the language†. Chafe also lists four features of idioms that make them anomalies in the tra ditional language unit paradigm: ? non-compositionality; ? ansformational defectiveness; ? ungrammaticality; ? frequency asymmetry.Generally speaking, the term â€Å"idiom†, both in our country and abroad, is mostly applied to phraseological units with completely transferred meanings, that is, to the ones in which the meaning of the whole unit does not correspond to the current meanings of the components. According to the type of meaning phraseological units may be classified into: (classification given by Ryzhkova) ? Idioms; ? Semi-idioms; ? Phraseomatic units. Idioms are phraseological units with a transferred meaning. They can be completely or partially transferred: red tape.Semi-idioms are phraseological units with two phraseosemantic meanings: terminological and transferred: chain reaction, to lay down the arms. Phraseomatic units are not transferred at all. Their meanings are literal: the begging of the end; pins and needles. As we can see there is no one specific defin ition for such phenomenon as phraseological units. Different scholars make their own suggestions, which are worth to be considered. We’ve outlined the main of them which are necessary to know dealing with this problem in the process of studying of the English language.Ways of forming of phraseological units As we deal with the structure of phraseological units it’s necessary to pay attention to the classification given by A. V. Koonin. He distinguishes the groups of phraseological units according to the way they are formed. Primary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a unit is formed on the basis of a free word-group: a) Most productive in Modern English is the formation of phraseological units by means of transferring the meaning of terminological word-groups, e. . in cosmic technique we can point out the following phrases: â€Å"launching pad† in its terminological meaning is â€Å" †, in its transferred meaning – â€Å" †, â€Å"to link up† – â€Å"?’ † in its transformed meaning it means – â€Å"†. b) A large group of phraseological units was formed from free word-groups by transforming their meaning, e. g. â€Å"granny farm† –  «  », â€Å"Trojan horse† – â€Å"’ †. ) Phraseological units can be formed by means of alliteration, e. g. â€Å"a sad sack† – â€Å" †, â€Å"culture vulture† – â€Å", †, â€Å"fudge and nudge† – â€Å"†. d) They can be formed by means of expressiveness, especially it is characteristic for forming interjections, e. g. â€Å"My aunt! †, â€Å"Hear, hear! † etc e) They can be formed by means of distorting a word group, e. g. â€Å"odds and ends† was formed from â€Å"odd ends†. f) They can be formed by using archaisms, e. g. in brown study† means â€Å"in gloomy meditation† where b oth components preserve their archaic meanings, g) They can be formed by using a sentence in a different sphere of life, e. g. â€Å"that cock won’t fight† can be used as a free word-group when it is used in sports (cock fighting), it becomes a phraseological unit when it is used in everyday life, because it is used metaphorically; h) They can be formed when we use some unreal image, e. g. â€Å"to have butterflies in the stomach† – â€Å"†, â€Å"to have green fingers† – â€Å" † etc. ) i) They can be formed by using expressions of writers or politicians in everyday life, e. g. â€Å"corridors of power† (Snow), â€Å"American dream† (Alby) â€Å"locust years† (Churchil), â€Å"the winds of change† (M? Millan). Secondary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a phraseological unit is formed on the basis of another phraseological unit; they are: a) Conversion, e. g. â€Å"to vote with o ne’s feet† was converted into â€Å"vote with one’s feet†. b) Changing the grammar form, e. g. â€Å"Make hay while the sun shines† is transferred into a verbal phrase – â€Å"to make hay while the sun shines†. ) Analogy, e. g. â€Å"Curiosity killed the cat† was transferred into â€Å"Care killed the cat†. d) Contrast, e. g. â€Å"cold surgery† – â€Å"a planned before operation† was formed by contrasting it with â€Å"acute surgery†; â€Å"thin cat† – â€Å"a poor person† was formed by contrasting it with â€Å"fat cat†. e) Shortening of proverbs or sayings e. g. from the proverb â€Å"You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear† by means of clipping the middle of it the phraseological unit â€Å"to make a sow’s ear†. f) Borrowing phraseological units from other languages, either as translation loans, e. . â€Å"living spaceâ €  (German), â€Å"to take the bull by the horns† (Latin) or by means of phonetic borrowings â€Å"meche blanche† (French), â€Å"corpse d’elite† (French), â€Å"sotto voce† (Italian) etc. Phonetic borrowings among phraseological units refer to the bookish style and are not used very often. A. V. Koonin distinguishes such types of the phraseological units according the principles given above: 1) Nominative: â€Å"a hard nut to crack†. They are subdivided into: ? Substantive: â€Å"crocodile tears†; ? Adjective: â€Å"as mad as a hatter†; â€Å"as cool as a cucumber†; ?Adverbial: â€Å"by & by†; â€Å"to & fro†; ? Verbal: â€Å"to live like a lord†. 2) Nominative-communicative: â€Å"the ice is broken†; 3) Interjectional & modal – emotions, feelings: â€Å"Oh, my eye! † (= â€Å"Oh, my God! †); â€Å"as sure as eggs is eggs† (â€Å", 2?2†); 4) Communicativ e – proverbs, sayings: â€Å"There is no smoke without fire†. This classification is called structural-semantic one and the phraseological units are grouped depending on the components they are formed by and on the meaning these units express. Semantic structure of phraseological unitsThe semantic structure of phraseological units by professor V. N. Teliya is formed by semantic ultimate constituents called macrocomponents of meaning. There are the following principal macrocomponents in the semantic structure of phraseological units: 1. Denotational (descriptive) macrocomponent contains the information about the objective reality, it is the procedure connected with categorization, i. e. the classification of phenomena of the reality, based on the typical idea about what is denoted by a phraseological unit (about denotatum). 2.Evaluational macrocomponent contains the information about the value of what is denoted by a phraseological unit, i. e. what value the speaker see s in this or that object / phenomenon of reality – the denotatum. The rational evaluation may be: a) positive: a home from home – â€Å"a place or situation where one feels completely happy and at ease†; b) negative: the lion’s den – â€Å"a place of great danger†; c) neutral: in the flesh – â€Å"in bodily form†. 3. Motivational macrocomponent correlates with the notion of the inner form of phraseological unit.The notion â€Å"motivation of a phraseological unit† can be defined as the aptness of â€Å"the literal reading† of a unit to be associated with the denotational and evaluational aspects of meaning. For example, the literal reading of the phraseological unit to have broad shoulders is physical strength of a person. The idea is indicative of a person’s strength becomes the base for transference and forms the meaning of â€Å"being able to bear the full weight of one’s responsibilities†. . Emotive macrocomponent is the contents of subjective modality expressing feeling-relation to what is denoted by a phraseological unit within the range of approval / disapproval, for example, a leading light in something – â€Å"a person who is important in a particular group† (spoken with approval), to lead a cat and dog life – â€Å"used to describe a husband and wife who quarrel furiously with each other most of the time† (spoken with disapproval). . Stylistic macrocomponent points to the communicative register in which a phraseological unit is used and to the social-role relationships between the participants of communication: a) formal: sick at heart – â€Å"very sad†; b) informal: be sick to death – â€Å"to be angry and bored because something unpleasant has been happening for too long†; c) neutral: pass by on the other side – â€Å"to ignore a person who needs help†. 6.Grammatical macrocomponent contains the information about all possible morphological and syntactic changes of a phraseological unit, for instance, to be in deep water = to be in deep waters; to take away smb’s breath = to take smb’s breath away; Achilles’s heel = the heel of Achilles. 7. Gender macrocomponent may be expressed explicitly, i. e. determined by the structure and / or semantics of a phraseological unit, and in that case it points out to the class of objects denoted by the phraseological unit: men, women, people (both men and women).For instance, compare the phraseological units every Tom, Dick and Harry meaning â€Å"every or any man† and every Tom, Dick and Sheila which denotes â€Å"every or any man and woman†. Gender macrocomponent may be expressed implicitly and then it denotes the initial (or historical) reference of a phraseological unit, for example, to wash one’s dirty linen in public – â€Å"discuss or argue about one’s personal affairs in public†. The implicit presence of the gender macrocomponent in this phraseological unit is conditioned by the idea about traditional women’s work (cf. with Ukrainian: ? ).The implicit gender macrocomponent is defined within the range of three conceptual spheres: masculine, feminine, intergender. Compare, for instance, the implicitly expressed intergender macrocomponent in to feel like royalty meaning â€Å"to feel like a member of the Royal Family, to feel majestic† and its counterparts, i. e. phraseological units with explicitly expressed gender macrocomponent, to feel like a queen and to feel like a king. So the semantic structure of phraseological unit is a complex formation with different denotative, significant and connotative aspects of meaning.The denotative aspect of phraseological meaning is the word subject named by this unit 1) relation between a lexical unit and an extralanguage subject or phenomena, 2) subject denotation; the significant aspect is a phraseological unit concept; a reflection of certain object concept in human consciousness; the connotative aspect is emotionally-expressive side and stylistic colouring of phraseological unit; additional word content, its stylistic colouring that superpose upon the main word meaning and convey emotionally-expressive and estimative attitude of the speaker to the denoted object.Correlation of these aspects in different types of phraseological units is different. One of the aspects may prevail and it causes certain influence of a phraseological unit on the communicative process. In comparative phraseological units significant and connotative aspects predominate. The communicative contribution of phraseological units of this type is fixed with the help of certain object determination, in which they carry pragmatic characteristic defined by emotionally-expressive factor of their meaning. Conclusions Phraseological units are very specific part of any language.It should be noted, however , that no proper scientific investigation of English phraseology has been attempted until quite recently. English and American linguists as a rule confine themselves to collecting various words, word-groups and sentences presenting some interest either from the point of view of origin, style, usage, or some other feature peculiar to them. These units are habitually described as idioms, but no attempt has been made to investigate these idioms as a separate class of linguistic units or a specific class of word-groups. We systematized the observations of A. V. Koonin, V. N. Teliya, G.Antrushyna connected with the structural and semantic properties of the phraseological units. Using their works we defined several classifications according the ways of forming and according semantic structure. For example, the types of the phraseological units distinguished by A. V. Koonin: 1) Nominative (with subgroups); 2) Nominative-communicative; 3) Interjectional & modal; 4) Communicative. All classi fications mentioned above exist simultaneously and describes the main features of the phraseological units: 1) Integrity (or transference) of meaning: means that none of the idiom components is eparately associated with any referents of objective reality, and the meaning of the whole unit cannot be deduced from the meanings of its components; 2) Stability (lexical and grammatical) means that no lexical substitution is possible in an idiom in comparison with free or variable word-combinations (with an exception of some cases when such substitutions are made by the author intentionally). The experiments conducted in the 1990s showed that the meaning of an idiom is not exactly identical to its literal paraphrase given in the dictionary entry.That is why we may speak about lexical flexibility of many units if they are used in a creative manner. Lexical stability is usually accompanied by grammatical stability which prohibits any grammatical changes; 3) Separability means that the struct ure of an idiom is not something indivisible, certain modifications are possible within certain boundaries. Here we meet with the so-called lexical and grammatical variants. To illustrate this point we shall give some examples: â€Å"as hungry as a wolf (as a hunter)†, â€Å"as safe as a house (houses)†. 4) Expressivity and emotiveness means that idioms are also characterized by stylistic colouring.In other words, they evoke emotions or add expressiveness. On the whole phraseological units, even if they present a certain pattern, do not generate new phrases. They are unique. Interlanguage comparison, the aim of which is the exposure of phraseological conformities, forms the basis of a number of theoretical and applied trends of modern linguistic research, including the theory and practice of phraseography. But the question of determining the factors of interlanguage phraseological conformities as the main concept and the criterion of choosing phraseological equivalents and analogues as the aspect concepts is still at issue.The analysis of special literature during the last decades shows that the majority of linguists consider the coincidence of semantic structure, grammatical (or syntactical) organization and componential (lexeme) structure the main criteria in defining the types of interlanguage phraseological conformities / disparities with the undoubted primacy of semantic structure. References 1. ?. ?. / ?. ?. – ?. , 1963. – 208 ?. 2. ?. ?. : . / ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. – ?. , 1999. – 288 ?. 3. ?. ?. : . - ? . . / ?. ?. – ?. : . , 1986. – 295 ?. 4. . . . / [ ?. ?. ]. – ?. : - , 2006. – 784?. 5. ?. ?. ? / ?. ?. // . ? . – ?. , 1977. – ?. 140 – 161. 6. ?. ?. : - ? . . / ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. – ?. : . , 1979. – 169 ?. 7. ?. ?. : . . - ? - . . / ?. ?. – ?. : , 1989. – 126 ?. 8. ?. ?. - / ?. ?. – ?. : – , 2005. – 1210 ?. 9. ?. ?. /   ?. ?. – ?. : , 1972. – 288 ?. 10. Arnold I. V. The English Word / Arnold I. V. – M. : , 1986. – 296 ?.