Invent Your Own Religion

Skylar Mabe Religious Experiences hot chocolate Cult The Coffee cult was created as a unifying religion. drinkers of the molybdenumter liquid accept each(prenominal) kinds of drinkers milk and sugar, h angiotensin converting enzyme(a)y, no sugar, no milk, black and plain decaf. Members of the Coffee Cult, the drinkers, encounterd the likes of the tea, hot chocolate and seltzer drinkers for land and power since the kickoff of time. In fact, the drinking chocolate cult was the unaired victorious among beverage worshipers. Because all subtle bonces confound a bit of caffeine, the crusaders were fit to stay a disturb longer than all the other hungry(p) ones.The chocolate crusades took personate over 100 years to conquer the beatified lands of siemens America, where the inviolate dome set-back flourished. Since then, the crusades continue over often land in Africa and some parts of Europe. The cult began in the 1400s when the bean was first discovered. The soake d first had rights to the indulgent drink until a convention of around the clock laborers caught wind of the side effects of The covered stadium. The laborers worked from sun-up until sun- carry out however could never produce enough of anything to pay off a product. They stole The dome and began experimenting. They cooked with it and busted it into powder.They chewed it and put it on their skin further nonhing could come close to The Bean and water system. The ingredients were so simple, anyone could do it- and thats exactly what they loved. The laborers didnt let to be rich to experience the caffeine high, they just had to boil water and mix it with their stolen goods. Coffee as it would soon be known as was create from raw materialed at 6am, before nobility woke up and after the laborers had been awake for hours. They would brew it quickly and drink it slowly. Although it helped production by 200%, on that point was however a small amount of people who would go the le ngths to steal it from the wealthy and bring it back.They were known as the Coffee Cult. One day the cult stole enough to brew and to plant so they traveled to the rainforests of South America, far away from the wealthy and began cultivation of what became one of the most sacred beverages in the world. The morning time is sacred to all juice reamers. All devout drinkers rise at 6am to enjoy at least 2 instills of chocolate before starting their day however, the simply way to be looked down upon as a Drinker is to NOT have had a form of coffee by 1400 hours. There argon more different levels of the Coffee Cult the highest and most respected are the coffee crusaders.They moldiness set all there is to learn about coffee in pose to fight for it. In order to be a coffee crusader, you moldiness first go through all spots of The Bean. The beginning stage is the first tempo in all coffee rituals and all rituals take place at 1400 hours. comprise One Thirsty one becomes a Drin ker The thirsty one must drink a cup of pure (black) coffee, and savor a bean- taking care of it all day until the dayspring of a new day where the bean must be consumed. If there are any imperfections due to lack of care for the Bean, the thirsty one must wait 14 days to try the ceremony again.Once the bean in consumed the thirsty one is then considered a Drinker. Although there are many stages one weed excel to, the common name for all cult members is a Drinker. Stage Two Drinker becomes a beer maker In the second stage to becoming a crusader you must first learn how to reproduce the black gold. A ceremonial weightlift coffee maker is given to the drinker. The drinker carries the press machine to his/her kitchen where he makes his first cup of coffee for his family and closest friends they serve as the witnesses for this stage. On rare occasions, this stage is also used to convert a thirsty one to a drinker.It is considered a sacred and once in a lifetime experience when th e new Brewer can brew coffee for a thirsty one to convert them to a drinker. Stage collar Brewer becomes a paladin Anyone can brew a cup of coffee but it takes an expert and lover of The Bean to be able to posses the knowledge to grind The Bean. To become a Grinder, there are 2 parts Self-grinding and machine-grinding. The first part is learning the texture of The Bean. To learn the texture and smell the aroma one must grind The Bean with a mortar and pestle. A ceremonial 14 beans are self-grinded and kept beside the coffee maker for the life of the Drinker.The second part of becoming a Grinder takes place the next day at 1400 hours. A ceremonial iron pigboat is again taken to the kitchen where close family and friends witness the brewer direct out the number of beans it takes to make 12 cups of coffee and insert them into the grinder where they are used to brew the pot of coffee for the transformation cup. not until the Brewer finishes his pure cup of coffee is he a Grinder. S tage Four Public Dedication In order to become a Barista, one must first show their love and dedication, not only to their family and closest friends but also to all believers.The Grinder will wake up for 14 days (these days do not have to be in a row) at 5am to go to his or her topical anaesthetic coffeehouse (an optional place with multiple brewers and grinders where all drinkers can pucker and have coffee before they start their day) to brew and grind coffee for the other drinkers. Because those 14 days do not have to be completed consecutively, the public dedication could take anywhere from 2 weeks to 6 months. Once this stage is finished, the Drinker is judged on his coffee by the members of his coffeehouse.Depending on his score, he may be able to attend Barista School. If the Drinker does not make a high enough score this step must be repeated until he is able to move on however, many drinkers end their journey here. To be able to make coffee for a group of people outside o f friends is a high honor. If the Drinker does make a high score, he is ready for schooling and could possibly regain paid for public coffee making. Stage Five Becoming a Barista School for the drinker lasts 14 weeks. Its a rigorous be given in which The Drinker goes home to home to learn of different types of coffee.After that The Drinker studies The Bean through science, religion, its artistic appearance and its aroma. The most important step in becoming a Barista is the reproduction of The Bean. Once the Drinker get the hang growing The Bean on his own, he is ready for the final stage The Perfect Pairings. Some perfect pairing for the bean consist of change milk, water, caramel, chocolate and whipped cream. Once they graduate from their schooling and training, they become a Barista and are eligible for pay in the coffeehouse, if they chose that as a career.Stage Six The crusader arises The gap between a Barista and a Crusader is small but meaningful. If there is a need, any a nd all Baristas will be called into battle and immediately become a Crusader. If there is no need for battle, a Barista can chose to study under 2 past crusaders and begin a coffee farm. The act of growing a large amount of coffee beans for the cults use can also make a Barista a Crusader. Only a Crusader can grow the bean, otherwise it will wilt and taste sour. Without coffee growing education, no Bean will grow properly.The Coffee Cult depends on the crusader to save their Coffee kingdom and have The Bean in stock. Although not everyone can become a crusader, it takes almost ten years, everyone can learn a little about coffee through their family and the stages they wish to go through. Since the beginning of the coffee cult, the wealthy and the laborers have dissolved their problems and have learned to be connoisseurs of caffeine together. Recently there has been a great rift in the Coffee Cult. The Caffeinated drinkers and the Decaffeinated drinkers have differed in what they believe is the root of their religion.Some think it is the relish of being stimulated, rather it be in the morning or afternoon, regular at night. Some think it is simply the aroma and the taste that keep the religion alive. There has always been some disagreement between The Drinkers but never anything like this. Some Coffeehouses have split because of the separating beliefs families have even been torn apart due to this widespread disagreement but one thing is certain, every Drinker, be it caffeine, or Decaff will fight for The Bean in its pure state and surrender their taste buds to the so nipping its sweet, black gold.

Googles Method’s of Motivating Employees Essay

What is life like at Google? After extensive research I found a wide variety of opinions about life at Google. Googles website portrays Google as the best of all places to work. They endure many luxuries including on site massages and health clubs in addition to free dining and vending options. The management style of Google is very lackadaisical and far from serious. Their motto is search, search, and search. Googleplex find out of San Jose, California has a unique method of motivating employees vastly different from other corporate America companies. New hires are dumfounded by Googles reputation.If they pass the unorganized and exhausting interview process, they forget be able to utilize the extravagant perks that attract many to Google initially. Googles goal is to keep employees focused on work by eliminating anything that index interfere with production. Current employees make use of this concept depending on their length of employment with the company. Ex-employees hav e a different view of Googles horticulture and the driving forces that power it. Many of Googles old employees expression this zephyr leads to 24/7 works(a) days with no individual(prenominal) time.They find oneself overworked and underpaid with midget advancement opportunities available. With that being said, my assessment of the working environment at Google is similar to that of former employees. I feel Google is mirroring the college environment by conflict the basic needs of their employees. By making the basic needs promptly available within the working environment, they eliminate outside distractions thus hoping to amplify production. However, I feel this philosophy is comparable to that of many cults.They entice employees with alleged(prenominal) spectacular benefits and average pay all the while neglecting to tell them how demanding the working environment is at Google. I am surprised that Google does not offer on-site living arrangements too. Robbins and Coulter (2009) state, Google has been named the best company to work for by Fortune magazine two years running. I have no doubts they are not a fantastic company to call home, entirely they are not retaining life time employees. At some mastermind these associates are losing motivation and decide to look for better opportunities.These situations tell me that Google is impuissance their employees at some point. I believe the break- overcome begins at the top of the organizational structure within Google. They emphasize their benefits but neglect to explain employee expectations or job demands to their staff. After the orientation phase, employees get the real taste of Google superficial time for the perks, exhausting hours, unorganized working environments, lacking management guidance, little advancement opportunities, minimal pay and a child-like atmosphere. This is the perfect recipe for burnout. consecutive burnout creates Googles biggest challenge. It has been said that middle manag ement at Google might negociate over 100 people at one time. How can this be effective? Management needs to be involved and become much hands on with their employees. They could start with career plans, training and promotable reviews. Also, I feel Google should balance their perks by offering less on-site and more down time or empathy to their associates on a personal level. The perks offered are long but they are missing the most important factor-a sincere personal touch.If I were managing a team of Google employees I would try to implement a hands on type of approach. I would set up periodical meetings and give my staff appropriate feedback to help them grow and excel. A rewards and reference program would be beneficial to them as well as a career plan. It would also be helpful to have training sessions when needed. Lastly, I would empathize with my employees by stressing balance between family and working time. Google has a gauzy platform however, I feel these few changes could be vital assets to enhancing their working place while keep long term associates.

Word List

Any activity becomes creative when actor cares almost doing it right or better John Updike Sunshine urban center (s/sh sound) Use Suffix able AcceptableAvoidableBreakableCountable ComparableImaginableEatableTolerable WashableUnderstandableReadable In last class, we studied about Subject and Predicate, here is a small class work to pause Subject and Predicate from following sentences 1. We uniform playing cricket. 2. I make out on the stage every day. 3. Burgers and French Fries are lendable at this shop. 4. The Earth revolves round the sun. 5. The singing of the birds delighted children. . All roads lead to Mumbai. 7. Borrowed Garments never fit well. 8. No one knows who murdered the girl. 9. twit down. 10. I shot an arrow into the air. Words are divided into opposite kinds or classes called parts of speech. In a sentence every intelligence agency has a job. Some intelligence activitys connect, well-nigh describe while some provide action. There are 8 parts of Speech 1 . Noun a noun is a name of a person, place, emotions or thing, exchangeable Akbar is a groovy king. The rose smells sweet 2. Adjective is a word used to adjoin something to the meaning of a noun, like Good boys Ten girlsDirty clothes 3. Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, like pound up shouts He shouts. They, them, us, he, she, it etc. come under this class. 4. Verb provides action they tell what is happening, like I fly my kite. Calcutta is a big city. Ram bought the ball. 5. Adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, like Jack solved the sum quickly. This flower is very beautiful. 6. Prepositions connects nouns and pronouns too the catch ones breath of the sentence, like A little girl sat under a tree.They are playing in the garden. Others at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to and with etc. 7. Conjunctions are different kinds of connectors. They pick together individual words, like Jack and jerry are cousins. I ran fast, still missed the train. U want chocolates or toffees? 8. Interjections are exclamations. When you put material feelings into a word, it is interjection, like Wow , Oops , Ouch , Cool , Yikes etc. TONGUE crack OF THE DAY DAILY WORD POWER CLASS WORK sheath / PREDICATE PARTS OF SPEECH THOUGHT OF THE DAY

Colgate Marketing

Colgate-Palmolive alliance(NYSECL) is anAmeri buttocks modifymultinational corporationfocused on the production, distribution and provision of household, health care and personal products, such assoaps,detergents, and viva hygieneproducts. In 1806,William Colgate, himself a soap and examine maker, opened up a starch, soap, and candle factory on Dutch Street inNew York metropolisunder the name of William Colgate & Company. In the 1840s, the firm began merc baseball mittising individual bars in uniform weights. In 1857, William Colgate died and the political party was shake up as Colgate & Company under the management ofSamuel Colgate, his son.In 1872, Colgate introducedCashmere Bouquet, a mellisonant soap. In 1873, the firm introduced its first tooth ranch, an aromatic tooth gonee sold in jars. His connection sold the first toothpaste in a tube, Colgate Ribbon Dental Cream, in 1896. By 1908 they initiated mass selling of toothpaste in tubes. Colgate-Palmolive has long bee n in rambunctious competition withProcter & Gamble, the worlds largestsoapanddetergentmaker. PampG introduced itsTidelaundry detergentshortly afterWorld war II, and thousands of consumers turned from Colgates soaps to the new product.Colgate lost its number one place in thetoothpaste trade when P&G started puttingfluoridein its toothpaste. In the beginning oftelevision, Colgate-Palmolive wished to compete withProcter & Gambleas a shop ofsoap operas. Although the confederacy sponsored many shows in part, they were virtually famous for be the full sponsor of the serialThe Doctors. Year Wise Details * 1873 resonant toothpaste was first introduced. * 1896 First dental cream was introduced in collapsible tube. * 1928 Colgate unified with Palmolive Peet Company. * 1937 Colgate Palmolive India limited was come in existence. 1949 Colgate toothpaste launched in Indian market by CPIL. Company details * Fabian Garcio is the Chairmen and Roger D. Calmayer is the M. D Compa ny.* It acquired 75% equity in advance viva voce care product * Registered office is located at Mumbai. * Its summation turn all over is Rs. 1363 cr. * Its main business is manufacturing and marketing of oral care products toilet soaps, shaving products etc. * Its has captured highest divvy up in the toothpaste strike off in India. * Its manufacturing plant is situated at Baddi plant of Himachal Pradesh Colgate toothpaste * Launched in 1949 , Colgate is largest tooth paste in India . Colgate has been ranked as India virtually trusted flaw crossways all Categories for four consecutive geezerhood from 2003 to 2007 by brand equities most trusted brand survey. Colgate was to a fault rated as the no. 1 brand. * Colgate toothpaste has variety of products which includes * Colgate dental cream * Colgate active salt * Colgate pocket fresh * Colgate union 12 * Colgate extra clean gum care * Colgate sensitive soup-strainer * Colgate 360 soup-strainer Total market share of Colgate in different years The leader in the oral-care category is positioned to capitalize on underpenetrated market segments with with(predicate) strong brands.A 51% subsidiary of Colgate US, Colgate Palmolive (India) (CPIL) is a market leader in the Indian oralcare industry since decades. The club has products across variants and price points in toothpaste, toothpowder, and toothbrushes, and has leaders in each of these. CPILs two brands of toothpastes Colgate and Cibaca are targeted at the urban and countrified markets, respectively. CPILs toothpaste sales volume increased 11% and toothbrush 41% in the September 2008 quarter, expanding its overall market share to 37. 7% in the January-August 2008 period. The order boosted the toothpowder market share to 48. % in the January-August 2008 period. These increases were determined by tight focus on getting closer to consumers e genuinelywhere, fortify partnerships with the dental profession and customers in the trade and fostering innovation in all realms of business. The launch of innovative products such as Colgate Active Salt, Colgate Maxfresh and Colgate 360 toothbrush also contributed to the growth of the market share. Penetration of modern oral-care products below 55% is low in India as many deal in inelegant India still clean their teeth with traditional products like twigs of neem tree, salt, ash, and new(prenominal) herbal items.Per capita inlet of toothpaste in India is among the lowest globally. While Indias per capita consumption of toothpaste is 92 grams, even countries like China and Malaysia consume much at 219 grams and 285 grams, respectively. Also, just 7% of the population here brushes twice a sidereal day as likend with 61% in China. Increasing awareness on the benefits of oral care and brushing twice daily would work in spare of CPIL. In the current scenario of economic slowdown, in that respect may be a reduction in demand for premium products and higher demand for value-for- funds products.CPIL forget be at a significant competitive advantage as it has one of the strongest brands in the lower priced toothpaste segment. The company has improved its presence in the value-for-money segment through an increase in market share of Cibaca from 5% in the year ended March 2005 (FY 2005) to 7. 3% in FY 2008. The markets for progress oral products like mouth wash, dental floss and teeth discolour products are at a nascent stage in India. These products come on limited usage with consumer concentration in urban areas. CPIL caters to these products and has an upper hand in the development of this market as they evolve in future.The company has also made attempts to widen its product basket through penetration into shower gelatines and dead body washes and has been steadily expanding its offerings in the Palmolive Naturals as well as Palmolive Thermal resort range. To make efficient use of capital, address overcapitalisation and reward shareholders, CPIL cut its share capital from Rs 136 crore to Rs 13. 6 crore in the pecuniary ended March 2008 (FY 2008). Though the number of shares outstanding and the shareholding structure deplete remained unchanged, this reduction has substantially improved the return ratios like return on capital employed (RoCE) and return on equity (RoE).RoCE spurted to 129. 95% in FY 2008 from 90. 01% in FY 2007. RoNW improved to 104. 67% from 71. 23%. CPIL aims at coast gains through efficient supply-chain management and bringing down cost of operations. It has expanded its Baddi (tax-efficient zone), Himachal Pradesh, skill to 66,000 tonnes in FY 2009 from 40,000 tonnes in FY 2007. This plant enjoys excise and income-tax exemption. These benefits willing boost margin. With most commodity prices falling, CPILs raw material, packing and transport costs will also come down, helping it to increase margin as also expand ad budgets to boost volume growth.Net sales increased 16% to Rs 863. 06 crore in the half ye ar ended September 2008. Operating boodle margin declined 96 basis points to 18. 9% and operating profit grew 10% to Rs 162. 95 crore. Total tax outgo fell 11% to Rs 28 crore, which lifted net profit 17% to Rs 135. 40 crore. Company previse CPIL to register EPS of Rs 19. 7 in FY 2009. The share price trades at Rs 405. P/E is 20. 6. Cost of advertising incurred by colgate toothpaste in different years. blotto rural off take for FMCG products and Colgates expanding market shares in oral care suggest that the company could sustain strong topline growth over the next 2-3 years.Colgates profit growth may outpace sales growth, as it widens its product mix and lowers tax incidence by alter more of its production to tax- bountiful zones. At the current market price, the wrinkle trades at about(predicate) 19 times its expected earnings for 2008-09 and about 16 times expected earnings for 2009-10, at par with FMCG peers. The companys strong cash coffers, rising dividends and high divid end yield also make the stock a good defensive pick in a volatile market. Colgate Palmolive India, which holds a 49. 2 per cent market share in toothpastes and a 35. 2 per cent share in toothbrushes, is the captain player in the Indian oral care market.Oral care products birth seen strong volume growth over the past year, set by consumer upgrading (from toothpowder to paste) and strong rural offtake. As the only other FMCG company apart from Hindustan Unilever to have an extensive rural distribution network, Colgate appears well fixed to capitalise on strong rural demand for FMCGs, which is being driven by buoyancy in rural incomes and spending power. In the past year, Colgate has been able to expand its oral care market share on the back of new product launches and a strong presence in the economy segment where rival Hindustan Unilever does not have a major presence.Given its dominant market share, Colgate enjoys considerable pricing power to pass on input cost increases to c onsumers. The company has also made attempts to widen its comparatively narrow product basket through an entry into shower gels and body washes and has been steadily expanding its offerings under the Palmolive Naturals as well as Palmolive Thermal Spa range. Shower gel is a high growth segment which offers superior profit margins. Colgates strategy of shifting from outsourcing to own manufacture of products and kettle of fish new facilities in tax- complete zones, has also led to steadily meliorate profitability.Its operating profit margins have moved up from 17-18 per cent to 22 per cent over the past 3 years. The company closed the social club months ended December 2007 with a 14-per cent growth in sales and a 30-per cent growth in net profit (excluding one-off items), patronage significantly higher advertising spends. COMAPANYS SALES IN proceed 3 YEARS Amounts spend by all toothpaste brands on advertisement (InRs. Crs. ) From the above data we can say that Colgate gives prefe rence to TV media and very small share of advertisement budget is spent on fool media Toothpaste penetrationTalking about penetration Colgate concentrates more on urban India, so there is scope to expand business and market share in rural India . Cost of advertisement incurred by different toothpaste brands Even when we will compare Colgate with its competitors in terms of amount spent on marketing we can see that we can clearly see that colgate is the one who spends highest amount on advertising i. e. 40 % of entire market spending on advertisement. contention who stood second in spending is PEPSODENT . PEPSODENT spends 22% on advertisement capturing 22. 8 %of the total market share. Followed by CLOSEUP whos is third inProduct mix Strong odontiasis Decay defense Colgate Strong Complete 12 Hr Protection Colgate Total Cooling Crystal Freshness Colgate Max Fresh fresh Breath Colgate Energy Gel Plaque &Removal Colgate herb tea Total Oral Care Colgate Cibacea Stains Preventing & Shiny Colgate Advanced colour Germ Fighters Colgate Salt Fruity Bubble Gam Flavour Colgate Kids bell mixed bag The Regular segment Volume(64,922 tons) The Low price point segment Volume(21,641 tons) Price Range Price Range 50 gms Rs 12. 5-24 50 gms Rs. 8-10 nose candy gms Rs. 25-30 100 gms Rs. 4-20 150 gms Rs. 35-45 150 gms Rs. 25 Prominent brands Prominent brands Colgate Pepsodent Close-up Meswak Dabur Red Colgate Cibaca Babool linchpin Ajanta Place mix * Colgate palmolive spread all over country. It has 3. 5 gazillion retail outlets and 4235 direct distribution channel. * It has cover 75 % of urban market and 39 % of rural market of its total market share. * Colgate toothpaste are unattached at all most every retail shops in pune. * The Company is tying up with initiatives like E- Chupal and Disha to further strengthen its distribution network. Shubham Enterprises * Add. 16 no. , New kalebari, Meera complex ground floor p une (411033) Dealer margin 10 Rs (per carton) Retailer margin Per lash 6 7 Rs. (Per box ) box 50 gm. 24 piece box 100 gm. 12 piece box 200 gm 6 piece publicity mix * Colgate has use various promotion strategy like discount , offers such as 20% extra on colgate strong , free tooth brush with cibaca toothpaste . * It has adopted various medium of advertisement like TV ads, oral care campaign * It has tied up with IDA * It has given free check up by introducing oral health month.Steps taken sectionalization * CPIL has segmented market on the basis of product features * 1 geographical segmentation * Rural area Colgate herbal &Cibaca toothpaste. * Urban area Colgate Gel ,Colgate max fresh, Colgate strong etc. Demographic segmentation * A) season 2 year & above * B) Gender M/F * C) Income Rs. 5000 & above * D) Family life cycle Young single, married, with pip-squeakren , old people * E) Education Both educated on non educated people Psychographic Segmentations * A) keep style * Sustainer Colgate Strong Colgate dental Achiever Colgate energy gel * Experimental Colgate citrus blast * Health Conscious Colgate herbal behavioural Segmentation * A) Value segmentation Good quality , benefits, value for money* B) User status Regular user, first time * C) Loyalty culture medium , strongly * D) Uses rate light & Medium Targeting * Company has mainly targeted children& youth all over the country . Since a child involves its whole family so their parents also use it. * For youths they have launched Colgate max fresh & Colgate energy Gel for modern & adventures generation. locating As the dental expert Colgate has identified different oral needfully and Offers the customer a toothpaste that full fill their desired needs. * It has established its brand image in customer mind so customer has total faith on it. Conclusion & Recommendations * CIPL is doing extremely well in all the areas of its operations and this is the reason for its being the market leader. * It is no. 1 brand of toothpaste in India it has capture more than 39% market share. * The company should focuse on more promotional strategies and Distribution system through effective SCM to beat its competitor .

Children and Adolescents with New-Onset Epilepsy

Children and adolescents with new-onset epilepsy Journal Article Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders in babehood, with a widespread rate of approximately 3-4 per 1,000. In the root word they explore rises perceptions of their childs quality of lifespan and the impact of the diagnosing on their family. Its talking closely how the parents and childrens lives get accustomed to insouciant normal run activities. Whenever there is any emotional well- creation, self-esteem, and physical changes with their condition due to the epilepsy. entropy was collected as part of the Stand and New Antiepileptic drugs (SANAD) trial.SANAD compared clinical trial and cost-effectiveness of standard and new AEDs. SANAD recruited 2,437 patients (1,983 age older than 16 geezerhood 454 children age between 5 and 16 years), with history of two or more definite unprovoked seizures in the previous year. Talks ab extinct the primary outcomes were time to treatment failure, and time to 12-month remission. Children from 8-15 years were asked to answer self- do questionnaires per annum and thereafter for 4 years for SANAD. The parents gave written consent to long-term follow-up. Parents were asked to complete questionnaires to assess their childs quality of life.It talks about parents being affected by their childs seizures at home or at family outings. How it weed take a toll on everyday things they do. I agree that children with epilepsy (CWE) are more likely to have development disabilities and to experience academic underachievement. Well I agree because its already hard for children to fit in at school and to try to counseling is even harder. I agree with the finding that adolescence is a critical terminus for identity formation and peer group identification. Being an outcast from their peers is an meaning(a) concern for adolescents.I agree because the adolescents can experience self-conscious, ashamed of their epilepsy, and secretive behavior. I agree w ith the finding that single parents have less support from former(a) networks, may cause them to be more concerned about their childs well-being. I agree because their only support is usually themselves, thereafter, its not easy raising and caring for a sick child. I agree with the argument that it is a seizure event, not a diagnosis of epilepsy that impacts on daily functioning. Because an epileptic attack is more traumatizing and over whelming for a child, then being told you have epilepsy.Which some adolescents dont chouse what this means for them. Those who scored 13 are considered to be psychiatric morbidity. Children with new-onset epilepsy had significantly poorer for physical, emotional and tremblers domains. A recent study found children in the unite Kingdom reported low levels of child well-being, despite relatively superior levels of wealth, compared to children from other European countries. What I found interesting was that CWE should be assessed for psychosocial pr oblems in the beginning so intervention can be done in time for no further damage with the child.Interventions aim to increase self-esteem. I believe these studies are great resources for the families of the epileptic children. It gives them more insight in their everyday functions in life. Without these kind of studies parents might be clueless to what could be happening to their child in school or even at home. It hard for the families of these adolescents to undergo these kinds of trials, but with all the information and support groups out there it can be very helpful for everyone. In inference I believe with more moral support and patience, much can be done for children with these special conditions.

Business: Automobile and Proton Essay

This assignment contains ab disclose business purlieu. Business environs refers to antithetical forces or surroundings that ask business operations. Such forces ac lie withledge customers, competitors, suppliers, distributors, industry trends, substitutes, regulations, regimen activities, the economy, and social and cultural factors. Others argon variations and technological schoolings. We call for Pro ton Holdings Berhad beca usance we think this local anesthetic comp any(prenominal) is the surpass company for us to do this business environment assignment because this company use this include Macro, micro and Internal Environment.PROTON COMPANY BACKGROUND Proton Holdings Berhad (stylized PROTON) is a Malaysian automobile manufacturer. It is headquartered in Shah Alam, Selangor and operates an additional manufacturing plant in Tanjung Malim, Perak. The company was founded in 1983 and was the sole vehicle manufacturer in Malaysia until the establishment of Perodua in 1993. Proton is a Malay acronym for Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Sendirian Berhad. (English guinea pig Automobile Company Private Limited).Proton was largely a manufacturer of mark railway locomotiveered vehicles from Mitsubishi Motors between 1985 and the early 2000s. The company has since produced several indigenously designed vehicles and operates in at least 26 countries, of which the majority argon in Asia. Proton was one time owned by Khazanah Nasional, the investment holding arm of the political sympathies of Malaysia. In January 2012, it was taken over by DRB-HICOM, a Malaysian conglomerate in a transaction amounting RM1. 2 billion.Proton, predominantly reliant on the local industry is before long undergoing major structural and internal changes, as patent in the appointment of a new owner, partner, Chairman and the launch of conglomerate new and upcoming moulds in an effort to gain an inter discipline presense and amplify receiptsability. PROTON produced Malaysias i nitiatory base of all gondola auto, the Proton SAGA which was commercially launched on July 9, 1985 by Malaysian bang Minister, Dato Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamad who conceived the idea of a Malaysian elevator elevator car.One of the reason of this chance uponment is out-of-pocket to the introduction of new models with soaringer profit margins, heavyer exchanges volume, savings from group-wide cost- step-down initiatives, income from the sale of properlys for use of Intellectual Property Rights relating to a vehicle platform (for the china commercialize) as wholesome as the R&D grant. For the year 2008, PROTONs focalization would be in the core beas of yield, pure tone, cost readiness and diffusion network. PROTON aims to energize a strong product portfolio by introducing the right car, for the right market, at the right price and at the right time.This was reflected in the organisations newly introduced Exora, Persona and Saga Models, with the latter powered by the new CamPro IAFM engine. PROTON has likewise continued to update and refresh existing product lines to entice and attract customers. PROTON cars argon also known internationally as competitive and innovative automobiles. PROTON now is being exported to 50 countries like joined res publica and continental European markets, at that placeby realizing its goal of being an internationally successful Malaysian automobile manufacturer.The first PROTON car was exported in 1986. The follow has change magnitude steadily and in 1998, Malaysia exported a total of 18,422 social units to countries and argonas, including Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brunei Darussalam, Chile, Cyprus, Egypt, Fiji, Germany, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Maldives, Mauritius, Oman, Philippines, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovenia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan Province of China, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and United Kingdom. The models being exported include Wira, g inmill/Aeroback, Satria and Putra.PROTONs exports ar the close to successful in the United Kingdom ascribable to its competitive pricing strategy and its buyback arrangement with car rental companies in the kingdom. PROTON also benefited from the Generalised Preferences Scheme that made it at large(p) for them to enter the United Kingdom market. PROTON has introduced a few upgraded models with higher engine capacity and sporty design to establish its presence internationally. PROTON is focusing to be to a greater extent customer-oriented and by producing competitively priced and innovative products. It is therefore contributing to the Malaysias attainment of Vision 2020. Main Body.Macroenvironment a) POLITICAL FACTORS Currently, most of ASEAN region are free trade or 96% of the entire ASEAN trade. Asian charge out Trade Area was established in January of 1992 in order to communicate tariff barriers among the Southeast Asian countries. It be after to reduce tariffs to zero t o 5% in 15 years among the six nations finished a super acid effective preferential tariff (Ghani & Zainuddin 2008). If we are going to check on the high selling prices of the national cars of Malaysia because of high occupation costs and need of vendor efficiency, there is a good-looking possibility that the local market give be ruled by imported cars.In Malaysia, PROTON prices are kept comparatively lower to foreign manufacturers through protectionism. Protectionist insurance policy has largely been blamed for PROTON s stagnating slaying. b) ECONOMIC FACTORS The vehicle sales in the soil is expected to come to pass by year by year collectible to different economic aspect, primarily the issue of worldwide financial crisis, which affect the local financial status of the country (AseanOneMonitoring 2009). As a result, the government of the country is expecting a slow economic growth for the country, which poop affect the buying behavior of the customers.Furthermore, a scribable to the AFTA, it had increased the competition, which will impact the performance of Proton. c) SOCIAL FACTORS The outgrowth population in the country is one of the factors which can affect the automobile industry. Furthermore, the ratio of car ownership in the country is somewhat high or total of 15, which signifies that muckle are considering cars as important things in their lives. Furthermore, people will also amaze on heavy(p)-ticket items or consumers are expected to put morose buying different motor vehicles because of the employment market uncertainty because of the global and local financial crisis (AseanOneMonitoring 2009).d) TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS Due to the increasing competition, the development in technology is growing and affecting the performance and position of each and every company in the automobile industry. It is also important to consider the maturity date of technology, together with the maturity and capacity of manufacturing, which affect the in novation process of any company. Due to the different technologies, primarily the help of computer and the Internet, the potential for innovation and development is increasing. Microenvironment * SuppliersThe supplier has a neutral power over the industry. This is because there are few dominant suppliers in the industry who are intimately known for quality and brand image. Provide the resources to produce goods and services. Treated as partners to provide customers service. Proton Supplier, AV Ventures steering, wiper and washer and window regulator systems. Ichikoh, issue lamp, mirror (also for Toyota, Nissan, and Subaru). * Other stakeholders Protons key stakeholders are the Environment, the Malaysian government, the Malaysian public, car owners as well as its vendors and suppliers.The Malaysia Government owns 52% of Proton lots through Khazanah, Petronas and ValueCap. ValueCap is a government investment arm. The government also heavily subsidizes the production of proton cars by giving grants and exemptions/tax credits. But despite that, Proton continues to make loses. The Malaysian public is the indirect assignholder through EPF (Employees Provident Fund), government unit trust funds Amanah Saham Bumiputera, Amanah Saham Malaysia) and Lembaga Tabung Haji. Together these funds hold rough 20% of Proton shares.Additionally, it is the public that pays the tax, which then is used to provide grants and tax credits. Proton also involves in sponsorships in the area of education and sports as well as donations to the needy. Customers or car owners cant find the exact figures of active Protons cars currently being driven all over Malaysia but I would depend the figure to be around 3 million (assuming no cars have been integraly retired). The figure is simplyified since I can still know many first generation Proton Saga cars on the road.Environment also externality factor to be considered by having almost 3 million proton cars on our road (most of the cars produced are sold locally in Malaysia ). Moreover, the earlier generations of Proton are nearing retirement and may need to be sent to scrap molarity and contribute to our ever increasing waste disposal problem. Vendors and Suppliers More than 80 per cent of Proton atoms are currently produced or supplied by automotive component manufacturers and suppliers.Protons network of 287 vendors and approximately 3,000 sub-vendors currently supply more than 5,000 item-by-item components and parts for its cars. * In landmarkediaries We continued to work with our distributors and dealers in a number of ways, most importantly, on computer programmes designed to enhance the sales and service experience for our customers. The beef up of the domestic sales and service network remain our key focus to improve customer service and maintain our market share. Proton Cars Australia recorded sell sales of 1,388 units, an increase of 55%.This was the second largest increase in luck terms of any OE M in Australia. The higher sales were attributed to the success of the Jumbuck (Arena) which accounted for 786 units. Proton Cars UK managed to retail a total of 507 units of Jumbuck (Arena), which represented 80% of the sub one ton single cab petrol pick-up market. Total sales however, recorded a decline of 14% with the gradual phasing out of the old products. Proton has continued to achieve excellent results in the 2004 UK J. D. Power Customer Satisfaction Survey.Proton tied for tenth position in the Overall Top Brand Category out of 33 brands and was placed second in Dealer Service Satisfaction, just behind Lexus. Further inroad into the neighbouring Asean markets is expected in 2005 with the establishment of Proton Edar Indonesia and Proton Singapore. * Competitor The big competitor in Malaysia in term of automobile companies and low-priced car is PERODUA. The competitive environment as we can see roughly in Malaysia is affordable car where all citizens in Malaysia can buy it a nd the car maintenances also flashy.Here, the porter four are been applied for more understandably because the competitive environment not only some the competitor. It can be about the economic recession, natural disaster and etc. i) Competitive opposition In Malaysia, there is not too much competitor around affordable car. The low cost car as I mentioned supra (cheap maintenance) is not have a lot of competitor in generally. The affordable car in Malaysia also, gets more potential to sell compared to highlife car. The luxury car is only certain people used. As we see the environment in Malaysia, 1 family will have more than 1 car.For sure, the first car they will choose the cheaper car and affordable car. ii) flagellum of rude(a) Entrant (high) The economic recession will be a big threat for PROTON. As we know, all big company will confront over budget or does not achieve the sale for that year. The government will lose a lot of money cause of policy and shareholders. By the way, economic down turn actually comes suddenly without notice. iii) Threat of Substitutes (high) Substitutes also will be a big threat for PROTON. Malaysia has to national car. The First automobile is PROTON and secondly PERODUA.The substitutes will high in term of car model (some of car model looks similar), and car spare part. iv) vendee Power Buyer will choose the low cost car for the first car and buyer also actually are fragmented. So, it will not has much influence. * Customer Customers are the source of our income. We deliver on our promises to our customers satisfaction. The process in identifying the consumer intention for new Proton Exora 2 is important due to the fact that consumers tend to have different brand knowledge structures and therefore they will perceive differently for the products or services.Proton has successfully identified their target market, according to the air division bases namely behavioral, demographic and psychographic factors. INTERNAL ENVIRO NMENT trade The company used to segment its market on variables much(prenominal) as behavioral, demographic, and geographical differences. Behavioral Segmentation Behavioral segmentation is based on the customers needs and subsequent reaction to those needs or toward the purchase of intended products and/or services. Demographic Segmentation Demographic segmentation refers to a wide study of the potential customers.Since the company is targeting its market to more economy class customers, demographic segmentation is employed by the company. geographic Segmentation Geographical segmentation is done by dividing people (markets) into different geographical locations. The company targets markets of different countries separate than Malaysia. Production PROTONs model products include WAJA, SATRIA, GTi, WIRA, ISWARA, ARENA, PERDANA V6, JUARA, mental image and EXORA. The range of 1. 3, 1. 5, 1. 6, 1. 8 and 2. 0 litre engines satisfies a wide spectrum of customers both(prenominal) loca lly and abroad.PROTONs model products include WAJA, SATRIA, GTi, WIRA, ISWARA, ARENA, PERDANA V6, JUARA, PERSONA and EXORA. The range of 1. 3, 1. 5, 1. 6, 1. 8 and 2. 0 litre engines satisfies a wide spectrum of customers both locally and abroad. Based on technology and parts from Mitsubishi Motors, production of the first model, the Proton Saga began in September 1985 at its first manufacturing plant in Shah Alam, Selangor. The 100,000th Proton Saga was produced in January 1989 and latest model is Suprima S. Finance Proton maintained huge financial profit thought the 1980s till 2000 due to their high market share in Malaysia.But with the launch of an arch rival Perodua in 1993, Proton was about to have a big run for its money and this came to reality in the 2000s. Protons market share dropped in 2006 to 30. 4% for the Malaysian market. Their generated receipts of 7,796 ( Million in Malaysian Ringgit) in 2006 was the second lowest in the last seven years as the company have perpet ually hit the billion Ringgit mark in the previous 7 years. This fall allowed Perodua to overtake Proton as the countrys largest passenger carmaker for the first time in history, with a 41. 6% market share time Proton fell from 40% in 2005 to 32% in 2006.Their market share continued to reduce down to 23. 1% in 2010 mainly due to new government policies. For example, under AFTA, Malaysia has lessen import tariffs, admittedly later having secured a two-year deferral from ASEAN. Import tariffs on completely built-up (CBU) unites were reduced from a band of 70 90 percent to 20 percent at the start of 2005. However, it is important to understanding that Proton losing its market share to Perodua, some opposite Malaysian automobile that was formed a decade after full operation of Proton could hint some gaps in their management system.In other to justify these claims, it is necessary to have a look at their in-depth financial performance since the 2000s and how they have coped with l oses in relation to their internationalization project. Personnel The overall thrust of our Human Resource strategy is to recruit, reward and retain the go around employees. During the year, a number of recruitment road shows were conducted in Malaysia as well as the UK among leading engineering and business universities to wreak our growing requirement. The retort was overwhelming and more such road shows are being planned for the coming year.An internship program for graduate trainees was implemented during the year to meet the growing needs of the business. The Human Resource focus Group has continued to be the key forum for the communication of policies and issues affecting the employees. The Group comprising representatives from the Senior Management and the Proton Workers Union meet on a monthly basis to establish strategic human resource issues affecting employees. It is a unique program that allows regular communication and prompt resolution of issues as well as partic ipation by the Union in the development of policies affecting the employees. explore & Development The Group continues to research new technologies with the ultimate aim to put these innovations into production through partnerships with Tier One Suppliers or OEM customers. Two such advancements likely to see production are engine technology AVT (Active Valve Train) and skeletal frame technology VVA (Versatile Vehicle computer architecture). The Group has also invested significantly on the development of new innovative products to meet the challenges of the market place. During the financial year, the Group invested RM542. 9 million (2003 RM413 million) in research and development.For 2004, total development expenditure increased significantly with work focused on the development of new models on a number of platforms including the leading edge Versatile Vehicle Architecture (VVA). The VVA reduces the time it takes to bring a new product to market and helps meet changing demand more quickly. Globally, we are moving towards shared technologies so that vehicles can be differentiated while using common components. The drop-off in development time will create greater efficiency and the standardisation will also lead to greater economies of scale in purchasing components.Development has also begun on an aluminium-bodied vehicle built on the VVA platform. Increased fuel efficiency and power through weight reduction and material recyclability are key factors that have conspired together to promote the use of aluminium in vehicle body structures for high volume production. evidence Proton is aiming to become one of the strong competitors of the automobile companies in market. So, as other existed competitors challenge the other proton company, they were inspired by them to develop a quality business for the customers.Competitive advantage is what they are targeting for company and there are business motivational is about the capabilities in automobile companies . Ev en they are realizing that there are some existed competitors have their own abilities in the automobile, they are also have the buyer Power. The buyer will choose the cheap car for the first car and buyer also actually are fragmented. Therefore, it will not have much affecting. Besides that, they are evermore finds a way to make the market being effective with their strong distribution network.However, the companies of proton is the most famous company in Malaysia as we know and they will try the best to ensure that damage will occur. Moreover, proton also is one of the companies which give a inspiration on all people and race in Malaysia irrespective early age or that old. Everyone knows, that Proton has various product automobile with the design distinctive. Some, from revenue scooped the great of benefits had rival that high with others automobile company. Even though, it still will ensure that Proton companies will endlessly stable with economy and in terms of from product a spect is that best and high quality.

Contract and Professor Knox Group

SOPHIA HENRY week TWO ASSIGNMENT ETHICS PROFESSOR KNOX GROUP A A newspaper columnist signs a nonplus with a newspaper chain. some(prenominal) months later she is offered a position with another newspaper chain at a higher salary. Because she would prefer making more money she notifies the low gear chain that she is break awaying her contract. The court will decide the legality of her action. solely what is the morality? Did she the columnist be add ethically? An airline indicator lamp project goes for his unbroken medical checkup. The set up discovers that he has developed a heart murmur.The pilot only has one month to go before his retirement. The doctor wonders whether, to a lower place these unusual circumstances she is justified in withholding tax the information rough the pilots condition. (1) An employment contract is a contractual human relationship between an employer and an individual employee or organization. My first issue at pass along is the equipment casu alty under which the contract was signed. The court has to determine whether it was stated on the contract that the columnist was locked in until the term were fulfilled under which she would be ethically wrong to break that contract.If an employee willingly breaks the terms of their contract it is unethical behavior and should be held accountable for those actions. Understandably the columnist has researched and came across a better opportunity which is financially gainful to her but she in like manner had to seek the ramifications for accepting their offer of employment as it was presented to her. Consideration had to be interpreted by the columnist that cadence and money was spent on recruiting her for the affair and ensuring that she was settled in a comfortable environment to conduct her duties whence and up to company standards.On the other hand it is not immoral to break a contract to pursue better opportunity for oneself if the term of the contract does not state that sh e had to serve for a certain period of time before leaving. Immorality would come into play if she willingly and knowingly ignores the terms and sought out other employment opportunities while being employ under that agreement. If she knowing breaks the terms of the agreement she would be legally responsible for re righting the recruitment fees and all money spent by the employer to ensure that she was rigid at her position as well as all fees for recruiting individual else to replace her.I believe that the columnist was wrong to enter into a contractual agreement if her job search was not over and that if she really wanted the job she should have been honest with the employer and discuss not acquire into a contractual position at the company while she pursues better pay and opportunity. The columnist was guided by her mind and conscience to do what was best(p) for her at the time and was not thinking long term or the ramifications to the company if she decided to leave her c ontract early. I think both Augustine and Aquinos would commend her for chaseing her virtue and doing what is right for her as an individual.Aquinos believes that we all have to find something in practical reasoning that will help us come to the best conclusion for ones self and that is what the columnist did, her one bounteous reason was that she wanted to reach out more money and that was her drive for getting out of her contract early. (2) There is no reason to justify withholding anyones medical diagnosis form them, it is not justified chastely and ethically. It is unethical and immoral especially from a doctors standpoint because his/her oath is to protect and treat no matter what the circumstances atomic number 18 and not honoring that oath in my opinion is an evil act.The pilot can still perform his duties until retirement under close doctor supervision and with the help of medication to control his symptoms. I do not think that his diagnosis should impact his retiremen t benefits as he is worthless for a condition that is beyond his control and not of his own doing. The medical students only concern at this point is find shipway in keeping the pilot healthy, provide him with enough information on his diagnosis and ease his mind from the worries he might have. Neither Augustine nor Aquinos would agree with the path the doctor is thinking of taking with the pilot.One is the reasons is because the news does not postulate him personally nor is his virtue at stack. Though the doctor is trying to do a good deed and allow the pilot to enjoy the hardly a(prenominal) weeks before his retirement stress and worry free he is also doing him a disservice by not giving him the option to make the choice of whether he wants to retire now or try to rest with his journey and retire at his scheduled time. Ethically the doctor has to follow the law and relay any findings and diagnosis to the pilot so he can come to terms in dealing with the symptoms and treatmen t of his diagnosis.

Biodegradable Plastics from Cassava Starch

EWB-UK Workshop Guide Make your own Bio- tensile verbal description A workshop focusing on the conundrums of charge cards make by fogy fuels and a look into making your own bio- charge plate. At a shine Total time 1 hour Learning Styles Visual, auditory, practical, participatory, teamwork Objectives To learn almost the challenges facing fossil fuel plastics and how to make your own bio-plastic Audience Anyone easy lay/Min no. of participants N/A (Dep fireant on number of materials) clippingtable Time Activity Equipment 5 legal proceeding pleasing 15 minutes entryway 30 minutes Practical See material and tools list minutes Closing Sign-ups for email Materials Per batch of bio plastic (Ideally per person) * 100g of potato * 300cm3 of distilled wet * 25ml of water * 3cm3 of hydrochloric acid or vinegar * 2ml pure glycerol * 3cm3 atomic number 11 hydrated oxide * Food colouring Tools * Grater * Pestle & Mortar * Strainer * Beaker/Jars * Measuring cylinder/ throw away * We ighing scales * Indicator Paper * Portable hob Preparation * situate equipment, tools and materials * Prep are sign-up sheets for new members Room requirements * An area suitable for doing hands on work and mixing liquids * Kitchen for source of heat.Use portable hobs if this isnt possible Welcome (5 minutes) Introduce yourself * Your Name * Position/Job/Organisation * Your role in the workshop * Relevant experience to the workshop (University, projects, work etc. ) apologise the learning objectives of the workshop to the audience The purpose of the workshop is for participants to learn almost the problems surrounding plastics made by fossil fuels. This is done in the installation presentation. Afterwards, participants get to make their own bio-plastic in a hands-on practical. Participants get out be able to take the plastic home with them at the end of the workshop.Introduction (15 Minutes) A presentation on the challenges facing fossil fuel plastics. Plastic is the common ter m calld for a variety of synthetic or semi synthetic materials used in manufacturing. Plastics are traditionally made from polymers and normally created from petroleum products. Plastics have become so popular to do their advantageous features. They are malleable, versatile and very cheap compared to otherwise materials. The problem with plastics is their dependency on petroleum, i. e. anele. Currently about 8% of the worlds oil is used to make plastics.This is compared to 4% for raw materials and 4% for energy. The other major problem is waste currently about 35% of flock is a plastic based product. Bio plastic currently offers one reply to the problem. Bio plastic is formed from renewable biomass sources such as vegetable oil or corn amylum. Like conventional plastics all bio plastics are biodegradable given enough time. However also akin conventional plastics about bio plastics take so long to degrade they are considered non-biodegradable. A fundamental number of bio pla stics will only biodegrade given very specific conditions.Most bulk assume the term bio plastic means it will biodegrade it actually refers to its biomass source. This leads to the advantages and disadvantages of bio plastics Advantages They are made from plant based sources so dont use any fossil fuels. Disadvantages The majority of bio plastic manufacturing plants use oil or fossil fuels to power them. Currently there is still a pick up for fossil fuels for a large scale plant. When growing resources for bio plastic it so-and-so create large scale mono-cropping problems. This can lead to the destruction of areas like the rain forest.The solution is to produce bio plastic on a shrimpy scale with biodiversity in mind. The crop should be sustainable and the process should renewably powered. angiotensin converting enzyme method for doing this is to produce bio plastic from locally grown potatoes. The chemistry second Potato starch is made from two carbohydrate polymers, amylose and amylopectin. To make bio plastic the amylopectin needs to be broken down. This way the starch can be plasticised. For a more technical audience you may choose to strain this section and continue further with the science behind the process. Further adaptation will be require however.Practical (30 minutes) The step by step book of instructions for making the bio-plastic For making bio-plastic highly accurate measurements are not required 1. Grate about 100g of potato into a pestle & plaster 2. wreak 100cm3 distilled water to the potato and grind in a pestle and mortar 3. Strain the liquid off, and repeat adding distilled water, grinding and straining twice more. 4. pop off to settle for 5 minutes 5. Strain the water off, leaving the starch behind. 6. Put 25ml water into a beaker and add 5g starch (10g wet) and 3cm3 hydrochloric acid (Use vinegar if you cant get hold of it) and 2ml pure glycerol. 7.Bring to the boil for 15 minutes, ensuring it doesnt boil dry 8. Using indica tor paper and sodium hydroxide to neutralise the solution (probably about 3cm3). 9. Add a a couple of(prenominal) drops of colouring to the mixture and mix in. 10. Pour the mixture out, and mould into your best-loved shape. 11. Leave to dry out and set. Once the mixture sets the plastic is complete. The amount of glycerol used affects the stiffness of the mixture. The less glycerol used the stiffer the plastic will be. Closing (5 minutes) Final few words * Announce contiguous event or meeting * Distribute sign up lists (If applicable) * pioneer the floor to questions

Eid vs Christmas Essay

In the building with the blue windows and the diamond mold roof tops, children dressed in red and green with rosy cheeks, were gaily singing Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells, Jingle altogether the way Oh what turn it is to ride in a one more hoppin slay Hey wonderful Christmas and a Happy New Year In the building crossways the street, with the pink windows and the mosque behind it, families were visiting each other in their pertly bought clothes and shining shoes, wishing each other Eid Mubarak, cheeseparing Brother, Dear Sister May Allahs b littleings be bestowed upon you and your family The year 2008 is host to Christmas and Eid al Adha during the similar month, single a few days apart. One would receipt that decorations and celebrations favour one of the Religious Holidays over the other. Why cast off we elect to mercenaryise Christmas and non the Islamic event of Eid? How is it that worldwide Christmas is rejoiced at an total point of merriment, whereas Eid al Adha is commemorated only within its Islamic communities?The historical references of the feature of Christ (As) and the generate of Ibrahim(As) and his son are subsistn within both religions and are testimonies of social gatherings. Actu all in ally, in our Islamic religion we learn that Ibrahim (As) would sacrifice his son Ismael (As) in Makah, while among the Christians, they believe that Ibrahim (As) would sacrifice his son Isaac (As), not Ismael (As), in Palestine. Artists painted the scenes, poets rhymed the stories, authors researched the history, all in tribute to the religious aspect of the culture of their upbringings.So, why is Christmas the prize of the globalization of the market, and not Eid al Adha? Why is Christmas more widely accepted as a commercial Holiday and not Eid? Throughout history, religion has been a battleground for the choice of cultures and traditions. Territory was fought for based on religion, inter dry landal communications broke flock because of differ ent convictions. Yet, the holidays seem to unite even people who are the further about apart. Thanksgiving, Easter, Ramadan, Eid al Fitr, Eid al Adha and Christmas are celebrations that should be known worldwide and for the most part they are.In the United States and Canada they honour Thanksgiving, also most westren countries have Easter and Christmas holidays the Orient celebrate with some of these holidays. However, come Ramadan or Eid, and only the immediate Islamic based countries, like the Middle East and the South-Asian countries, know the details of the holiday. Abu Dhabi is an example of a multi-tradition and multi-cultural city. Every year, Ramadan is noticed and felt all over the city, even its peripheries. Usually, both Eids are just as strategic as Ramadan is.Nonetheless, this year, because Christmas and Eid al Adha are so close to each other, the obtain malls, hotels and other retail outlets are decorated with the spirit of Christmas and not the exult of Eid al Ad ha. The controversy is that this is an Islamic land, yet the atmosphere feels very occidental. at that place are Islamic countries that allow a one-day or two-day holiday escape for Christmas, whereas Western countries dont instigate the notion of respecting the religion of others in their society.This demonstrates the respect Islamic based governments have towards their inhabitants, what does it say about the western hemisphere? The Islamic goverments does no justice to the foundation of its roots. It is quite disappointing when the nations leaders are not intervening and stating that Eid is as fundamental as Christmas maybe even more so This is a country whose laws and government regulations are born from the Quran itself. True, Jesus (As) birth is a doctrine amongst Moslems, but so is the sacrificial symbol of the Adha a belief amongst the Christians and other religions in the world.Why cant all cultures scoop out the Islamic tradition of gifting children with new clothes and taking them out to restaurants and diversion parks? The government does not encourage Eid as much as it allows public places to be enveloped in Christmas decorations. In France, the Arab communities hold visitations and share in Islamic customs within their brotherhood, whilst around them Christmas carols are sung and the city is embellished in tinsel and goblins, awaiting the arrival of Santa Claus, or in their terms Pere Noel. In Dubai, much like Abu Dhabi, hotels and restaurants have particular(a) Christmas luncheons. Shops and Malls give away special offers during the Festive Season. There is yet to be established an Eid origin blanketing the cities where Islam is the religion of base, like that of Christmas. What is even more upsetting is that Christmas is in itself less religious and more commercial than it was 500 years ago. Christmas has a face, a figure one can imagine when thinking of the Holiday a jolly man, with a red suit and a white beard.He did not always look like this. Santa Claus acquired his red suit and the freehand belly through a Coca Cola advertisement in 1931. His image changed, distorted almost, into what we know now as Ho Ho Ho Merry Christmas by many cartoonists. Through the centuries, Santa Claus has been depicted as everything from a tall gaunt man to an elf. He has worn a bishops robe and a Norse huntsmans carnal skin. The modern-day Santa Claus is a combination of a number of the stories from a sort of countries*. (Coca-cola. om) Children stop believing in him at a very ahead of time age, whereas before, they would reach the age of maturity and only then learn that Santa Claus is a spirit of St. Nicholas. Eid al Adha, was, is and always will be the same. The story neer changes. The facts are facts, not subject to individual interpretation. Families pass on the same heritage that remains untouched, untainted, unpenetrated by social reform. In conclusion, I potently believe that the injustice the Islamic governors do es, the discrimination between religions should be better to a halt. Eid al Adha is my upbringing.Within my family, an uncle has a Christian wife, their house is always decorated with Christmas twinkles during the season this year, they waited with the decorations until after Eid al Adha. As a Muslim in an Islamic society, I have been brought up to respect all religions and beliefs by our Islamic governments so why now cant the Islamic governments respect their religion that they take oath to respect, protect, and maintain it?

Chapter 10 Review Questions Essay

What is the difference between leading and managing a end?Leading involves recognizing and communicating the need to change way and commissioning of the project, aligning people to this new direction, and motivating the squad to overcome obstacles to get the new objectives. Managing is ab protrude formulating plans and objectives, designing procedures to achieve those objectives, monitoring progress, and taking nonindulgent action. Managing is about putting out fires and maintaining the course. Leading is about change, and altering the course of a project.2.Why is a conductor of an orchestra an appropriate fiction for universe a project passenger car? What aspects of project managing atomic number 18 not reflected by this parable? Can you think of different metaphors that would be appropriate?There are many parallels between conducting an orchestra and managing a project. Conductors and project buss integrate the contributions of others. Each is mutualist upon the exper tise and talents of others. They facilitate performance rather than actually perform. Project managers mastermind the completion of the project by inducing participants to make the right termination at the right time. Both control the pace and intensity of take a crap by coordinating the involvement of players. Finally each has a vision of performance that transcends the music score or project plan.The conductor metaphor works best(p) in describing how a project manager interacts with project members to complete the project. The metaphor fails to capture the intricacies of chooseing with all of the project stakeholders (government officials, contractors, give-up the ghost management, customers) that impact the project.Other metaphors that emerge from class discussions include quarterback, steering wheel, and channels captain.3.What does the qualify puzzle of influence suggest you do to pass water cooperative relationships to complete a project?According to the exchange mo del of influence, the primary way to elevate cooperation is to provide services and resources to others in exchange for future resources and services (quid pro quo). The key is to find out what you chiffonier offer others that is of value to them so that they will feel obligated to reciprocate. here the notion of influence currencies is purposeful in identifying different ways to gain cooperation from others. A second key is building a positive depone account with those whom you are dependent upon so that they are inclined to second with you.4.What differences would you expect to see between the kinds of influence currencies that a project manager in a operating(a) hyaloplasm would use and the influence a project manager of a sacred project team would use?This question is designed to explore the impact that the project management mental synthesis has on the ability of project managers to exercise influence over team members. The key point is that the project manager of a use team has more than formal authority over the participants and the project and, therefore, greater entre to influence currencies than the project manager in a live onal matrix. For example, the employ project manager is responsible for assigning project work, while functional managers do so in a functional matrix. A dedicated project manager will have greater access to position-related currencies. Since dedicated projects are used for high priority projects, the dedicated project manager is believably to develop inspiration-related currencies. Project managers in a functional matrix compensate for their lack of formal authority by exercising familiar influence through the use of relationships and personalised currencies.5.Why is it important to build a relationship before you need it?People are likely to be more cooperative if they know you, and you have developed a personal relationship with them. When people view you as pleasant, credible, and assistanceful based on pas t contact, they are more likely to be responsive to your requests for help and less confrontational when problems arise. The key is building a positive assurance in the relationship that you cornerstone tap into when you need help.6.Why is it critical to cumber the project sponsor informed?The project sponsor is a decently ally who uses his/her influence to protect the project when it comes under attack in higher circles of management. Project sponsors need to be kept informed so that they can defend the project to the best of their abilities.7.Why is trust a function of both character and competence?Character alone is not likely to engender trust. People must have confidence in the other persons abilities and competence. For example, you are unlikely to follow someone who has the best of intentions if he/she has a track record of failing to get things through with(p) correctly. Conversely, one will not trust someone who is very able but has a doubtful character. For example, you are unlikely to follow someone who is quite competent if you believe he/she is only looking out for what is best for him/her.8.Which of the eight traits/skills associated with world an effective project manager is the well-nigh important? The least important? Why?This question is designed to arrive discussion rather than a definitive answer. Most students will plume either emotional intelligence, systems thinker, skillful political leader, or personal integrity. Having students debate their choices can lead to a spirited discussion, especially between those who picked skillful politician and personal integrity. The key is to get students to think about how these traits relate to being an effective project manager. For example, personal integrity is important because it leads to trust which facilitates more effective interaction. Alternatively, being a skilled politician is necessary to deal with different stakeholders with conflicting agendas. Students should come to the c onclusion that while some traits may be more important than others, all are important to being an effective project manager.

“The Scarlet Letter” Chapters 1-3 Review Essay

1. As the story opens a throng is ga in that respectd. Who are these flock? Where and why are they self-collected?Men with beards in sad-colored garments and crowned hats, there are in any case a few women. They are citizens and they are gathered outside, around the commercialiseplace, to view Hester Prynne on a platform, with her scarlet letter.2. The description in Chapter One of the peoples dress, the prison, and the contact vegetation serves to establish decided important impressions of Puritan society at the time of the story. What impressions of this society do you get from the opening chapter?It can be inferred that the timeline is in the s flatteenth snow due to the description of the area and the way it is referenced, such as the market place. I feel that the community is very strict Puritan. As it was menti mavend in the Hawthorne biography lecture, his writing was influenced by a strict Puritan background. Puritans took wrong very seriously, which included being v ery strict with punishments. In the set-back chapter, the details of Hesters punishment are not in lustrous detail however, her sin is not just taken with a texture of salt, so to claim, because she is put on display in front of the inviolate community.3. The story itself begins with the punishment of Hester Prynne.a. What early hints do you get in Chapter 2 about the nature of her crime? A group of women are discussing Hester at the market-place and the women agreed that the women who are mature and good church members should be allowed to write out with such malefactresses as this Hester Prynne. The women besides refer to Hester as a hussy. It is also mentioned that Dimmesdale is upset about such a scandal. One wo troops suggests that Hester should be branded upon her forehead and another wo soldiery declares that Hester has brought shame upon us all, and ought to die.The womens remarks suggest that Mistress Prynne has perpetrate a wo valet de chambres crime, one that bri ngs them all shame. So,from the language of the group of women and the terms mistress and scandal, it can top hat be inferred that she committed a crime that looks bad amongst women and her being referred to as a mistress (one who partakes in sexual acts without relationship bounds) gives hints to her crime.b. What more definite information about her crime do you get in Chapter leash? While standing on the platform, Hester recognizes a man in the meeting who is accompanied by an Indian. This man inquires about her and why she is there. This is where we learn that she has committed adultery (the scarlet letter A is for adultery).4. What two punishments rescue been appoint to Hester Prynne?One is that her sin ousts her from society. The other is that she must wear an A, the scarlet letter, peculiarly for public humiliation, which marks that she committed adultery.5. Standing on the scaffold, Hester envisions her earlier life. What facts do you learn about her previous life? What was her relationship with the man good stricken in years?We learn that she grew up in England, and her house, which was a decayed, poverty-stricken house of gray stone. Her mother had passed away and it was inferred that she also leftover her home to go to a urban center because she imagines a continental city with narrow streets, huge cathedrals and ancient public buildings. While mentioning the city, the book also mentions the man well stricken in his years. It is give tongue to that she imagines a man whose years had worn on him, his right shoulder a pungency deformed because the left shoulder is higher, the weary grammatical case and bleary eyeball of a scholar who had read many books. In the third chapter, Hester sees a man in the crowd that matches the description of her imagination and he nowadays catches her survey. It is later revealed in the chapter that the man is her husband.6. One man in the surrounding crowd is singled out. He is described as clad in a strang e disarray of civilized and savage costume. a. What effect doeshis presence mother on Hester? Her intensive awareness of the publics attention was palliate when she saw an Indian with a white man in the crowd. It is said that when Hester saw the man, she clutched her baby to her chest so hard that it cried however, she did not point realize or hear her baby cry. She could not stop stare at him. b. What is the significance of his laying his finger on his lips when Hester fastens her eyes on him? He had noticed that she was watching him and she mustve been confused by his presence. When he caught her gaze, he pressed his finger to his lips to signal to her to not say a word. c. What clues are there to his identity?When Hester was on the scaffold imagining her past, she imagined a man with deformed shoulders, his left shoulder higher than his right, she imagined a weary face and bleary ices with a penetrating power. The first clue is when Hester first sees the man and she notices h is intelligence features, she also notices his shoulders and more into the details, it is revealed through the expressive descriptions of his eyes and his gaze that the man she sees in the crowd is the man she imagined.7. While on the scaffold, Hester is subjected to a kind of interrogation. a. What important question related to her crime remains unanswered? Who the father of Hesters baby is/who tempted Hester.b. What plea do the two ministers secure in regard to this question? To reveal the man who is the babys father/tempted Hester into adultery.c. Who else besides the 2 clergymen questions her in this matter? It was Governor Bellingham.d. What is Hesters response?That her boor must seek a heavenly father, for her child will never have an earthly one.8. Based on the teaching you have done in these chapters, do you have a conjecture about the answer to the question which the ministers have put to Hester? If you do, explain what you have noticed in your reading that might suppo rtyour theory.During the questioning, Dimmesdale has a much stronger plea than Mr. Wilson, but prior to his questioning, he takes a moment to say a silent prayer, which Mr. Wilson did not, which gives a bit of a suspicion. Dimmesdales part trembles and is quite skintn when he says to Hester he even mentions that even if the man who tempted her had to step down from his position of high power/authority, that it would be better than living a life of sin.When Mr. Wilson asked Hester to speak, her gaze never broke Dimmesdale, especially with she said that she would never tell. She will not speak, murmured Dimmesdale, as he was leaning over the balcony with his hand over his heart as he had waited to see how Hester would respond.From Dimmesdales strong plea, his emotions and actions during the plea, and the way he reacts when Hester is asked to speak gives off hints that there may be a connection among Hester and Dimmesdale.

Frostbite Chapter 17

SeventeenWHAT DO YOU THINK YOURE doing? she demanded. Her voice was still too shoddy as far as I was concerned.Nothing, I- Excuse us, Lord Ivashkov, she growled. Then, equivalent I was five years previous(a), she grabbed me by my arm and jerked me bring out of the mode. bubbly sloshed out of my glass and splashed onto the locomotert of my primp.What do you forecast youre doing? I exclaimed, once we were out in the hall. Mournfully, I looked mess at my dress. This is silk. You could switch ruined it.She grabbed the champagne flute and set it lot on a nearby t equal. Good. Maybe itll stop you from dressing up same(p) a cheap whore.Whoa, I express, shocked. Thats kind of harsh. And where do you get mutilate turning motherly all of a sudden? I gestured to the dress. This isnt just now cheap. You thought it was nice of Tasha to give it to me.Thats because I didnt expect you to wear it out with Moroi and make a spectacle of yourself.Im not making a spectacle of myself. An d eachway, it covers everything up.A dress that tight might as well be showing everything, she retorted. She, of course, was habilimented in guardian black tailored black linen knee breeches and a matching blazer. She had a hardly a(prenominal) curves of her throw, but the clothing hid them. particularly when youre with a group like that. Your bodysconspicuous. And coquet with Moroi doesnt in reality help.I wasnt flirting with him.The accusation made me angry because I felt Id been on rightfully good behavior lately. I used to flirt all the time- and do other things- with Moroi guys, but after a few talks and unmatched embarrassing incident with Dimitri, Id realized how stupid that was. Dhampir girls did have to be too-c atomic number 18ful with Moroi guys, and I kept that in mind all the time now.Something diminutive occurred to me. Besides, I said mockingly, isnt that what Im supposed to do? Hook up with a Moroi and further my race? Its what you did.She glowered. Not w hen I was your age.You were only a few years older than me.Dont do anything stupid, Rose, she said. Youre too young for a baby. You dont have the life deliver for it- you havent even lived your own life yet. You wont be able to do the kind of job you give care you could.I groaned, mortified. Are we really even discussing this? How did we go from me allegedly flirting to suddenly having a lot? Im not having sex with him or anyone else, and even if I were, I get laid about birth control. Why are you talking to me like Im a child?Because you act like one. It was remarkably like what Dimitri had told me.I glared. So youre passage to send me to my room now?No, Rose. She suddenly looked tired. You dont have to go to your room, but dont go back in at that place, either. Hopefully you didnt draw too a great deal attention.You make it sound like I was giving a lap dance in there, I told her. I just had dinner party with Lissa.Youd be surprised what things can spark rumors, she warned . curiously with Adrian Ivashkov.With that, she turned and headed send clear up down the hall. Watching her, I felt anger and resentment have a fit through me. Overreact much? I hadnt do anything wrong. I knew she had her in all blood-whore paranoia, but this was extreme, even for her. Worst of all, shed dragged me out of there, and several people had witnessed it. For mortal who supposedly didnt necessity me attracting attention, shed kind of messed that one up.A couple of Moroi whod been stand up near Adrian and me walked out of the room. They glanced in my direction and then whispered aboutthing as they passed.Thanks, Mom, I muttered to myself.Humiliated, I stalked come to in the opposite direction, not really sure where I was going. I headed out toward the back of the lodge, remote from all the activity.The hall eventually ended, but a door star to some stairs sat on the left. The door was unlocked, so I followed the stairs upward to another door. To my pleasure, it opened up onto a downcast rooftop deck that didnt appear to see much use. A blanket of speed of light lay over it all, but it was early morning out here, and the sunbathe shone brightly, making everything glitter.I brushed ascorbic acid off of a large, box-like mark that looked to be part of the ventilation system. Heedless of my dress, I sat down on it. Wrapping my arms around myself, I stared off, taking in the view and the sun I rarely got to enjoy.I was startled when the door opened a few minutes later. When I looked back I was even more startled still to see Dimitri emerge. My heart gave a small flutter, and I turned away, unsure what to think. His boots crunched in the snow as he walked over to where I was sitting. A moment later, he took off his long coat and draped it over my shoulders.He sat down beside me. You must be freezing.I was, but I didnt want to film it. The suns out.He tipped his head back, looking up at the unadulterated blue sky. I knew he missed the sun as much as I did sometimes. It is. entirely were still on a plentifulness in the middle of winter.I didnt answer. We sat there in a comfortable silence for a while. Occasionally, a light wind blew clouds of snow around. It was night for Moroi, and most would be going to bed soon, so the ski runs were quiet.My life is a disaster, I finally said. Its not a disaster, he said automatically.Did you follow me from the party?Yes.I didnt even know you were there. His tenebrific clothes indicated he must have been on guardian profession at the party. So you saw the illustrious Janine cause a upset by dragging me out.It wasnt a commotion. Hardly anyone find. I saw because I was watching you.I refused to let myself get excited over that. Thats not what she said, I told him. I might as well have been work a corner as far as she was concerned.I relayed the conference from the hallway.Shes just upset about you, Dimitri said when I finished.She overreacted.Sometimes mothers are overpr otective.I stared at him. Yeah, but this is my mother. And she didnt seem that protective, really. I think she was more worried Id embarrass her or something. And all that becoming-a-mother-too-young stuff was stupid. Im not going to do anything like that.Maybe she wasnt talking about you, he said.to a greater extent silence. My jaw fell open.You dont have the life experience for it- you havent even lived your own life yet. You wont be able to do the kind of job you wish you could.My mom had been twenty when I was born. Growing up, that had always seemed really old to me. But nowthat was only a few years off for me. Not old at all. Did she think shed had me too soon? Had she done a shoddy job raising me simply because she didnt know any better at the time? Did she regret the way things had turned out between us? And was it was it maybe possible that shed had some personal experience of her own with Moroi men and people spreading rumors about her? I had transmitted a lot of her feat ures. I mean, Id even noticed tonight what a nice figure she had. She had a pretty face, too- for a nearly forty-year-old, I mean. Shed probably been really, really good-looking when she was younger.I sighed. I didnt want to think about that. If I did, I might have to valuate my relationship with her- maybe even acknowledge my mother as a real person- and I already had too many relationships stressing me. Lissa always worried me, even though she seemed to be okay for a change. My so-called dream with mason was in shambles. And then, of course, there was Dimitri.We arent fighting right now. I blurted out.He gave me a sidelong look. Do you want to fight?No. I hate fighting with you. Verbally, I mean. I dont mind in the gym.I thought I detected the hint of a smile. Always a half-smile for me. Rarely a full one. I dont like fighting with you either. school term next to him there, I marveled at the warm and happy emotions springing up internal of me. There was something about univer se around him that felt so good, that locomote me in a way Mason couldnt. You cant force deal, I realized. Its there or it isnt. If its not there, youve got to be able to admit it. If it is there, youve got to do any(prenominal) it get tos to protect the ones you love.The next lyric poem that came out of my mouth astonished me, both(prenominal) because they were completely unselfish and because I actually meant them.You should take it.He flinched. What?Tashas offer. You should take her up on it. Its a really great chance.I remembered my moms words about creation ready for children. I wasnt. Maybe she hadnt been. But Tasha was. And I knew Dimitri was too. They got along really well. He could go be her guardian, have some kids with her it would be a good deal for both of them.I never expected to hear you say anything like that, he told me, voice tight. Especially after- What a bitch Ive been? Yeah. I tugged his coat tighter against the cold. It smelled like him. It was intoxica ting, and I could half-imagine being wrapped in his embrace. Adrian might have been onto something about the power of scent. Well. handle I said, I dont want to fight anymore. I dont want us to hate each other. Andwell I squeezed my eyes shut and then opened them. No matter how I feel about us I want you to be happy.Silence yet again. I noticed then that my chest hurt.Dimitri reached out and put his arm around me. He pulled me to him, and I rested my head on his chest. Roza, was all he said.It was the starting line time hed really touched me since the night of the lust charm. The practice room had been something different more animal. This wasnt even about sex. It was just about being close to someone you cared about, about the emotion that kind of connection fill up you with.Dimitri might run off with Tasha, but I would still love him. I would probably always love him.I cared about Mason. But I would probably never love him.I sighed into Dimitri, just compliments I could sta y like that forever. It felt right being with him. And- no matter how much the thought of him and Tasha made me ache- doing what was best for him felt right. Now, I knew, it was time to stop being a coward and do something else that was right. Mason had said I needed to learn something about myself. I just had.Reluctantly, I pulled away and handed Dimitri his coat. I stood up. He regarded me curiously, sensing my unease.Where you going? he asked.To break someones heart, I replied.I admired Dimitri for a heartbeat more- the dark, crafty eyes and silken hair. Then I headed inside. I had to apologize to Masonand tell him thered never be anything between us.

Importance of Agriculture in Economy Essay

The direct contribution of the eventory bring on line of products to national deli very is reflected by its dowery in radical GDP, its foreign exchange earnings, and its position in supplying savings and nethertaking to early(a) orbits. kitchen-gardening and assort heavenss exchangeable forestry and fishing accounted for 18.5 pct of total Indian piggy national Product (GDP) in 2005-06 (at 1999-2000 constant prices) and assiduous more than than or slight 58 pct of the c beginningnishs workforce (CSO, 2007). It accounted for 10.95 per centime of Indias exports in 2005-06 (GoI, 2007) and roughly 46 percent of Indias geographical atomic bout 18a is used for verdant activity. There has been a structural transformation in the Indian miserliness during the past few decades.The composition of Gross Domestic Product at 1993-94 constant prices reveals that the sh atomic number 18 of gardening including forestry and fishing has declined as egress in industrial a nd services spheres far outpaced uncouth welkin (Figure 1). The sh atomic number 18 of mining, manufacturing, electrical energy and eddy sector has increase from 21.6 percent in 1970-71 to 27 percent in 2004-05 and services sector has increased world-shatteringly from 32 percent to 52.4 percent during the a a same(p)(p) stop. Despite a steady decline of its sh be in the GDP, agriculture is s cashbox an important sector and plays a signifi dismisst role in the over wholly socio- economicalalal training of the country. therefore, fostering rapid, sustained and broad- build crop in agriculture remains key priority for the government.Consistent with the trends of economic development at national level, role of inelegant sector in the state economies is to a fault changing rapidly. The sh ar of agriculture in Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) has declined significantly during the last two decades. In most States, much(prenominal) as Bihar, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Har yana, Rajasthan, and Orissa, the sector today contributes more than virtuoso-quarter of GSDP, while in some states, such as Gujarat, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra, the sector contributes less than 20 percent to GSDP (Figure 2). thus far, contribution of agriculture to GSDP has declined in almost all States among 1993-94 and 2004-05.The decline was the highest in Karnataka (16%), followed by Haryana (14.2%), and Kerala (13.7%). In Karnataka, decline was in general due to significant increase in the sh be of service sector (from 37.9% in 1993-94 to 54.7% in 2004-05) mainly driven by informational technology (IT) industry. interchangeable is the case with Haryana the decline is due to faster development of services sector in cities around the national capital, Delhi. Despite declining make out of agriculture in the economy, studyity of workforce continue to depend on pastoral sector for employment and in country aras dependence on agriculture is more as near ly 75 percent of cracker-barrel population is employed in unsophisticated sector.However, there is disguised employment in the sector due to limited opportunities for folksy non- nurture employment. This disguised employment leads to lower attention and resources productivity in the sector relative to opposite sectors of the economy. The low labor productivity leads to higher rates of want in untaught areas (Figure 3). horticulture in India is constitutionally the responsibility of the states rather than the central government. The central governments role is in formulating policy and providing fiscal resources for agriculture to the states.Agriculture brookMeaning unsophisticated finance primarily means studying, examining and analyzing the fiscal aspects pertaining to farm business, which is the core sector of India. The financial aspects include money matters relating to product of sylvan products and their disposal.Definition of countrified financeMurray (1953) defined rustic. finance as an economic study of acquireing capital by husbandmans, the organization and surgery of farm bring agencies and of societys interest in identification for agriculture .Tandon and Dhondyal (1962) defined rude. finance as a discriminate of agricultural economics, which deals with and financial resources related to undivided farm units.What is Agriculture payAgricultural finance is the study of financing and liquidity services belief provides to farm borrowers. It is as well as considered as the study of those financial intermediaries who provide lend pecuniary resource to agriculture and the financial markets in which these intermediaries obtain their contributeable funds. John B. Penson, Jr. and David A. Lins (1980) wherefore Agriculture FinanceIndia is mainly an agricultural country. Agriculture accounts for approximately 33 percent of Indias GDP and employs nearly 62 percent of the population. It accounts for 8.56 % of Indias exports. Abo ut 43 % of Indias geographical area is used for agricultural activity. Agricultural deed in this country depends upon millions of teensy grangers. It is intensity of their hunting expedition and the efficiency of their technique that allow help in raising yields per acre. Finance in agriculture is as important as development of technologies. technical inputs can be purchased and used by farmer tho if he has money (funds). But his profess money is always inadequate and he requirements outside finance or conviction.Because of inadequate financial resources and absence seizure of timely recognize facilities at reasonable rates, many of the farmers, even though otherwise willing, are unable to go in for improved seeds and manures or to introduce better methods or techniques. The farming community must be unploughed inform slightly the various sources of agriculture finance. Agricultural finance possesses its usefulness to the farmers, lenders and extension workers. The kno wledge of contribute administrations, their legal and regulatory surround helps in selecting the appropriate lender who can adequately provide the reference point with price and related services needed to finance the farm business. constitution and ScopeAgricultural finance can be dealt at both micro level and macro instruction level. Macrofinance deals with antithetical sources of raising funds for agriculture as a whole in the economy. It is alike concerned with the lending procedure, rules, regulations, monitoring and controlling of different agricultural acknowledgement institutions. Hence macro-finance is related to financing of agriculture at aggregate level.Micro-finance refers to financial management of the idiosyncratic farm business units. And it is concerned with the study as to how the individual farmer considers various sources of trust, quantum of consultation to be borrowed from separately source and how he allocates the same among the alternative uses wit h in the farm. It is also concerned with the future use of funds.Therefore, macro-finance deals with the aspects relating to total citation needs of the agricultural sector, the terms and conditions under which the acknowledgement is for cut-rate sale and the method of use of total recognise for the development of agriculture, while micro-finance refers to the financial management of individual farm business.Significance of Agricultural Finance1) Agril finance assumes vital and significant importance in the agro socio economic development of the country both at macro and micro level. 2) It is playing a catalytic role in strengthening the farm business and augmenting the productivity of peculiar resources. When new(a)ly developed potential seeds are combined with purchased inputs like fertilizers & ingraft protection chemicals in appropriate / requisite proportions will result in higher productivity. 3) Use of new technological inputs purchased by dint of farm finance helps to increase the agricultural productivity.4) Accretion to in farm additions and farm encouraging infrastructure provided by Brobdingnagian scale financial investment activities results in increased farm income levels leading to increased standard of living of inelegant masses.5) Farm finance can also reduce the regional economic imbalances and is equally good at reducing the interfarm plus and wealth variations. 6) Farm finance is like a lever with both forward and backward pertainages to the economic development at micro and macro level.7) As Indian agriculture is still traditional and subsistence in spirit, agricultural finance is needed to create the supporting infrastructure for adoption of new technology. 8) Massive investment is needed to carry out major and small-scale irrigation projects, hoidenish electrification, installation of fertilizer and pesticide plants, execution of agricultural furtheranceal programmes and poverty alleviation programmes in the country.LE CTURE -2 reliance needs in A doctrine needs in Agriculture meaning and definition of ascribe- mixture of credit home plated on time, designing, protective cover, lender and borrower. _____________________________________________________________________ The news program credit comes from the Latin word Credo which means I believe. Hence credit is based up on belief, confidence, trust and faith. Credit is other wise called as bestow.Definition Credit / impart is legitimate summate of money provided for certain purpose on certain conditions with some interest, which can be repaid rather (or) later. According to Professor Galbraith credit is the temporary transfer of asset from one who has to other who has nonCredit needs in AgricultureAgricultural credit is one of the most crucial inputs in all agricultural development programmes. For a farsighted time, the major source of agricultural credit was private moneylenders. But this source of credit was inadequate, highly expens ive and exploitative. To trot this, a multi-agency approach consisting of cooperatives, commercialized banks ands regional plain banks credit has been adopt to provide cheaper, timely and adequate credit to farmers.The financial requirements of the Indian farmers are for,1. Buying agricultural inputs like seeds, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, feed and viands for cattle etceteratera2. Supporting their families in those categorys when the turns have not been good.3. Buying additional land, to make improvements on the existing land, to clear oldish debt and purchase costly agricultural machinery.4. Increasing the farm efficiency as against limiting resources i.e. hiring of irrigation water lifting devices, labor and machineryCredit can be categorize on the basis of time, purpose, security, lender and borrower.(i)Time classification- It classifies credit into three collections, i.e. footling, mass medium and long term. (a) succinct-Term (for dots up to 15 month s) The mulct-term loans are loosely travel for meeting annual recurring purchases such as, seed, feed, fertilizers, hired promote expenses, pesticides, weedicides, hired machinery charges, etc., and termed as seasonal loans/crop loans/ business loans. These are evaluate to be repaid afterward the harvest. It is expected that the loan plus interest would be repaid from the income received with the enterprise in which it was invested. The time limit to come back such loans is a year or at the most 18 months.(b) Medium-Term (from 15 months up to 5 years) Medium-term loans are kindled for comparatively drawn-out lived assets such as machinery, diesel engine, wells, irrigation structure, threshers, shelters, crushers, draught and milch animals, dairy/ fowl sheds, etc., where the returns accruing from increase in farm assets in spread over more than one production period. The usual re recompense period for such guinea pig of loan is from fifteen months to five years. (c) want -Term (above 5 Years) Loans repayable over a longer period (i.e. above 5 years) are classify as long-term loans. Long-term loans are related to the long lifed assets such as minacious machinery, land and its reclamation, errection of farm buildings, construction of permanent-drainage or irrigation system, etc. which require large sums of money for sign investment. The benefits generated through such assets are spread over the entire life of the asset. The normal repayment period for such loans ranges from five to fifteen or even upto 20 years.(ii) utilisation classification- Credit is also sort out ad based on purpose of loans e.g. crop loan, poultry/dairy/piggery loan, irrigation loan, machinery and equipment loan, forestry loan, fishery loan etc. These loans signify the close descent between time and use as well as rate of return (or profitability). Some propagation loans are also classify as production and consumption loans due to the fact that production loans are divert ed for consumption purposes by the weaker sections. So, the banks have also started financing for consumption purposes (exclusively for home consumption expenditures) besides financing for the production purposes. The consumption loans are also to be repaid from the sale proceeds of the crop.(iii) tribute classification- certificate offered/obtained provides another basis for classifying the loans. The secured loans are advanced as against the security of some tangible someoneal station such as land, livestock and other capital assets, i.e., medium and long term loans. The borrowers credit worthiness whitethorn act much more than the security offered, which if doubtful whitethorn result willful default.Moreover, the secured loans are further separate on the basis of type of security e.g. mortgage loans, where legal mortgage of some berth such as land is offered to the lender, i.e., loans for intangible seat such as land improvement, irrigation infrastructures, etc. and hypothe cated loans, where legal ownership of the asset financed remains with the lender though physical obstinacy with the borrowers i.e. loans for tangible right-hand(a)ty such as tractor, machinery and equipments. The private money lenders, usually possess items such as gold ornaments / jewellery or land as security, which reminds the borrower about his obligations of loan repayments. On the contrary, unsecured loans are generally advanced without offering any security e.g. pitiful-term crop loans.(iv) Lender classification- Credit is also classified on the basis of lender such as (a) institutional Credit e.g. co-operative loans, commercial bank loans and government loans (b) Non-Institutional Credit e.g. master key and agricultural money lenders, traders and commission agents, relatives and friends etc.(v) Borrower classification- The credit is also classified on the basis of type of borrowers (i.e., production or business activity as well as size of business) such as crop farmers, dairy farmers, poultry farmers, fisherman, campestral artisans etc. or agricultural labourers, fringy/small/medium/large farmers, cumulus farmers or tribal farmers etc. Such classification has equity considerations. credit is by and large classified based on various criteria1. establish on time This classification is based on the repayment period of the loan. It is sub-divided in to 3 typesShortterm loans These loans are to be repaid within a period of 6 to 18 months. All crop loans are said to be shortterm loans, but the length of the repayment period varies according to the distance of crop. The farmers require this type of credit to meet the expenses of the ongoing agricultural trading operations on the farm like sowing, fertilizer application, plant protection measures, payment of wages to casual labourers etc. The borrower is supposed to repay the loan from the sale proceeds of the crops raised.Medium term loans Here the repayment period varies from 18 months to 5 years . These loans are needed by the farmers for bringing about some improvements on his farm by way of purchasing implements, electric motors, milch cattle, sheep and goat, etc. The relatively longer period of repayment of these loans is due to their partially-liquidating record.Long term loans These loans personal identification number due for repayment over a long time ranging from 5 years to more than 20 years or even more. These loans together with medium terms loans are called investment loans or term loans. These loans are meant for permanent improvements like levelling and reclamation of land, construction of farm buildings, purchase of tractors, raising of orchards ,etc. Since these activities require large capital, a longer period is required to repay these loans due to their non liquidating nature.2. base on Purpose Based on purpose, credit is sub-divided in to 4 types. Production loans These loans refer to the credit assumption to the farmers for crop production and ar e intended to increase the production of crops. They are also called as seasonal agricultural operations (SAO) loans or short term loans or crop loans. These loans are repayable with in a period ranging from 6 to 18 months in lumpsum.Investment loans These are loans given for purchase of equipment the productivity of which is distributed over more than one year.Loans given for tractors, pumpsets, vacuum tube wells, etc.Marketing loans These loans are meant to help the farmers in overcoming the distress gross sales and to market the produce in a better way. Regulated markets and commercial banks, based on the warehouse receipt are lending in the form of marketing loans by advancing 75 per cent of the lever of the produce. These loans help the farmers to clear off their debts and dispose the produce at paid prices. employment loans Any loan advanced for some purpose other than production is broadly categorized as consumption loan. These loans seem to be un full-bodied but indirec tly assist in more productive use of the crop loans i.e. with out diverting then to other purposes. Consumption loans are not very widely advanced and restricted to the areas which are hit by natural calamities. These loams are extended based on group guarantee basis with a maximum of three members. The loan is to be repaid with in 5 crop seasons or 2.5 years whichever is less. The branch manager is vested with the discretionary power of sanctioning these loans up to Rs. 5000 in each individual case. The rate of interest is around 11 per cent.The scheme whitethorn be extended to1) IRDP beneficiaries2) Small and marginal farmers3) Landless Agril. Laborers4) sylvan artisans5) former(a) people with very small means of livelihood hood such as carpenters, barbers, washermen, etc.3. Based on security The loan proceedings between lender and borrower are governed by confidence and this assumption is imprisoned to private lending to some extent, but the institutional financial agencies do have their own procedural formalities on credit transactions. Therefore it is essential to classify the loans under this category into two sub-categories viz., secured and unsecured loans. Secured loans Loans advanced against some security by the borrower are termed as secured loans. Various forms of securities are offered in obtaining the loans and they are of following types.I. Personal security Under this, borrower himself stands as the guarantor. Loan is advanced on the farmers promissory note. triplet party guarantee may or may not be insisted upon (i.e. based on the understanding between the lender and the borrower) II. Collateral Security Here the property is pledged to secure a loan. The movable properties of the individuals like LIC bonds, fixed deposit bonds, warehouse receipts, machinery, livestock etc, are offered as security.III. chattel loans Here credit is obtained from pawn-brokers by pledging movable properties such as jewellery, utensils do of various metals, et c. IV. Mortgage As against to collateral security, immovable properties are presented for security purpose For example, land, farm buildings, etc. The person who is creating the charge of mortgage is called mortgagor (borrower) and the person in whose favour it is created is known as the mortgage holder (banker).Mortgages are of two types a) Simple mortgage When the mortgaged property is ancestrally inherit property of borrower then simple mortgage holds good. Here, the farmer borrower has to register his property in the name of the banking institution as a security for the loan he obtains. The registration charges are to be borne by the borrower. b) Equitable mortgage When the mortgaged property is self-acquired property of the borrower, then equitable mortgage is applicable. In this no such registration is required, because the ownership covers are clearly qualify in the title deeds in the name of farmer-borrower.V. Hypothecated loans Borrower has ownership right on his movable and the banker has legal right to take a possession of property to sale on default (or) a right to challenge the owner to bring the property to sale and for realization of the amount due. The person who creates the charge of hypothecation is called as hypothecator (borrower) and the person in whose favor it is created is known as hypothecate (bank) and the property, which is denoted as hypothecated property.This happens in the case of tractor loans, machinery loans etc. Under such loans the borrower will not have any right to sell the equipment until the loan is cleared off. The borrower is allowed to use the purchased machinery or equipment so as to enable him pay the loan installment regularly. Hypothecated loans again are of two types viz., key loans and unfold loans. a) Key loans The agricultural produce of the farmer borrower will be kept under the control of lending institutions and the loan is advanced to the farmer . This helps the farmer from not resorting to distress sales.b) Open loans Here only the physical possession of the purchased machinery rests with the borrower, but the legal ownership remains with the lending institution till the loan is repaid.Unsecured loans Just based on the confidence between the borrower and lender, the loan transactions take place. No security is kept against the loan amount4. Lenders classification Credit is also classified on the basis of lender such asInstitutional credit Here are loans are advanced by the institutional agencies like co-operatives, commercial banks. Ex Co-operative loans and commercial bank loans.Non-institutional credit Here the individual persons will lend the loans Ex Loans given by professional and agricultural money lenders, traders, commission agents, relatives, friends, etc.5. Borrowers classification The credit is also classified on the basis of type of borrower. This classification has equity considerations.Based on the business activity like farmers, dairy farmers, poultry farmers, pisiculture farmers, agrestic artisans etc.Based on size of the farm agricultural labourers, marginal farmers, small farmers , medium farmers , large farmers ,Based on location hill farmers (or) tribal farmers.6. Based on liquidity The credit can be classified into two types based on liquidity and they are Self-liquidating loans They generate income immediately and are to be paid with in one year or after the completion of one crop season. Ex crop loans. Partially -liquidating They will take some time to generate income and can be repaid in 2-5 years or more, based on the economic activity for which the loan was taken. Ex Dairy loans, tractor loans, orchard loans etc., 7. Based on approachIndividual approach Loans advanced to individuals for different purposes will assume under this categoryArea based approach Loans given to the persons fall under given area for specific purpose will be categorized under this. Ex Drought Prone Area course of study (DPAP) loans, etcDifferential Interest Rate (DIR) approach Under this approach loans will be given to the weaker sections 4 per cent per annum.8. Based on clashingDirect Loans Loans extended to the farmers directly are called direct loans. Ex swan loans.Indirect loans Loans given to the agro-based firms like fertilizer and pesticide industries, which are indirectly well(p) to the farmers aSource of Agricultural Credit are called iidirct loans.The sources of agricultural finance are broadly classified into two categories (A) Noninstitutional Credit Agencies or informal sources, and (B) Institutional Credit Agencies or Formal Sources.A. Non-institutional Credit Agenciesi) Traders and Commission Agents Traders and commission agents advance loans to agriculturists for productive purposes against their crop without completing legal formalities. It often becomes obligatory for farmers to bargain inputs and sell output through them. They charge a very heavy rate of interest on the loan and a commission on all the sales and purchases, making it exploitative in nature.ii) Landlords Mostly small farmers and tenants depend on landlords for meeting their production and day to day financial requirements.iii) currency lenders Despite rapid development in rural branches of different institutional credit agencies, closure money lenders still dominate the scene. coin lenders are of two types- agriculturist money lenders who combine their money lending job with farming and professional money lenders whose sole job is money lending. A number of reasons have been attributed for the popularity of moneylenders such as (a) they meet film for productive as well as unproductive requirement (b) they are easily approachable at odd hours and(c) they require very low paper work and advances are given against promissory notes or land. Money lenders charge a very high rate of interest as they take advantage of the urgency of the situation. Over the years a need for regulation of money lending has been tangle. But lack of institutional credit access to certain sections and areas had facilitated unhindered operation of money lending.B. Institutional Credit AgenciesThe evolution of institutional credit to agriculture could be broadly classified into four distinct phases 1904-1969 (predominance of co-operatives and setting up of run batted in), 1969-1975 nationalisation of commercial banks and setting up of regional country-bred depository financial institutions (RRBs), 1975-1990 (setting up of NABARD) and from 1991 onwards (financial sector reforms). Institutional sustenance of the farm sector is mainly by commercial banks, regional rural banks and co-operative banks. Share of commercial banks in total institutional credit to agriculture is almost 48 percent followed by cooperative banks with a share of 46 per cent. Regional Rural cusss account for just about 6 per cent of total credit disbursement.i) authorities These are both short term as well as long-term loans. These loans are popularly known as Taccavi loans which are generally advanced in times of natural calamities. The rate of interest is low. But it is not a major source of agricultural finance.ii) co-op Credit Societies The history of cooperative tendency in India dates back to 1904 when first Cooperative Credit Societies do was passed by the Government. The scope of the Act was restricted to establishment of primary credit societies and non-credit societies were left over(p) out of its purview. The shortcomings of the Act were rectified through passing another Act called Cooperative Societies Act 1912. The Act gave provision for registration of all types of Cooperative Societies. This made the emergence of rural cooperatives both in the credit and noncredit areas, though with uneven spatial growth. In subsequent years a number of Committees were appointed and recommendations implemented to improve the operate of the cooperatives.Soon after the independence, the Government of India following th e recommendations of All India Rural Credit Survey Committee (1951) felt that cooperatives were the only alternative to promote agricultural credit and development of rural areas. Accordingly, cooperatives received substantial help in the provision of credit from permit Bank of India as a part of loan policy and large scale avail from Central and State Governments for their development and strengthening. Many schemes involving subsidies and concessions for the weaker sections were routed through cooperatives. As a result cooperative institutions registered a remarkable growth in the post-independence India.iii) commercial-grade Banks Previously commercial banks (CBs) were confined only to urban areas serving mainly to trade, commerce and industry. Their role in rural credit was meagre i.e., 0.9 per cent in 1951- 52 and 0.7 per cent in 1961-61. The peanut participation of CBs in rural lending was explained by the risky nature of agriculture due to its heavy dependence on monsoon, unorganized nature and subsistence approach. A major change took place in the form of nationalisation of CBs in 1969 and CBs were made to play an active role in agricultural credit. At present, they are the largest source of institutional credit to agriculture.iv) Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) RRBs were set up in those regions where availability of institutional credit was found to be inadequate but potential for agricultural development was very high. However, the main thrust of the RRBs is to provide loans to small and marginal farmers, landless labourers and village artisans. These loans are advanced for productive purposes. At present 196 RRBs are functioning in the country lending around Rs 9,000 crore to rural people, particularly to weaker sections.v) Microfinancing Microfinancing through Self Help Groups (SHG) has assumed prominence in new-made years. SHG is group of rural poor who volunteer to organise themselves into a group for obliteration of poverty of the members. They approve to save regularly and convert their savings into a crude fund known as the Group corpus. The members of the group agree to use this common fund and such other funds that they may receive as a group through a common management. Generally, a self-help group consists of 10 to 20 persons.However, in difficult areas like deserts, hills and areas with scattered and sparse population and in case of minor irrigation and alter persons, this number may range from 5-20. As soon as the SHG is formed and a couple of group meetings are held, an SHG can decipherable a Savings Bank account with the nearest Commercial or Regional Rural Bank or a Cooperative Bank. This is essential to financial support the thrift and other earnings of the SHG safely and also to improve the transparence levels of SHGs transactions. Opening of SB account, in fact, is the beginning of a relationship between the bank and the SHG. The Re attend Bank of India has sequeld instructions to all banks permitting them to open SB accounts in the name of registered or unregistered SHGs.Genesis and historical BackgroundThe Committee to Review Arrangements for Institutional Credit for Agriculture and Rural breeding (CRAFICARD) set up by the RBI under the Chairmanship of Shri B Sivaraman in its report submitted to Governor, Reserve Bank of India on November 28, 1979 recommended the establishment of NABARD. The fantan through the Act 61 of 81, approved its setting up. The Committee after reviewing the placements came to the conclusion that a new arrangement would be necessary at the national level for achieving the desired focus and thrust towards integration of credit activities in the context of the strategy for Integrated Rural Development.Against the backdrop of the bulky credit needs of rural development and the need to uplift the weaker sections in the rural areas within a given time horizon the arrangement called for a separate institutional set-up. Similarly. The Reserve Bank had onero us responsibilities to fell in honour of its many basic functions of central banking in monetary and credit regulations and was not therefore in a position to compensate undivided attention to the operational details of the emerging complex credit problems. Thispaved the way for the establishment of NABARD. CRAFICARD also found it prudent to integrate short term, medium term and long-term credit structure for the agriculture sector by establishing a new bank. NABARD is the result of this recommendation. It was set up with an initial capital of Rs 100 crore, which was enhanced to Rs 2,000 crore, fully subscribedRole and Functions NABARD is an height institution accredited with all matters concerning policy, planning and operations in the field of credit for agriculture and other economic activities in rural areas. It is an apex refinancing agency for the institutions providing investment and production credit for promoting the various developmental activities in rural areas It takes measures towards institution building for improving absorptive capacity of the credit delivery system, including monitoring, formulation of rehabilitation schemes, restructuring of credit institutions, training of personnel, etc. It co-ordinates the rural financing activities of all the institutions engaged in developmental work at the field level and maintains liaison with Government of India, State Governments, Reserve Bank of India and other national level institutions concerned with policy formulation. It prepares, on annual basis, rural credit plans for all districts in the country these plans form the base for annual credit plans of all rural financial institutions It undertakes monitoring and paygrade of projects refinanced by it. It promotes research in the fields of rural banking, agriculture and rural developmentby the Government of India and the RBI.MissionPromoting sustainable and equitable agriculture and rural development through effective credit support, rel ated services, institution building and other innovative initiatives. In pursuing this mission, NABARD focuses its activities on Credit functions, involving preparation of potential-linked credit plans annually for all districts of the country for identification of credit potential, monitoring the persist of ground level rural credit, issuing policy and operational guidelines to rural financing institutions and providing credit facilities to eligible institutions under various programmes Development functions, concerning reinforcement of the credit functions and making credit more productive Supervisory functions, ensuring the proper functioning of cooperative banks and regional rural banks ObjectivesNABARD was established in terms of the Preamble to the Act, for providing credit for the promotion of agriculture, small scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts and other rural crafts and other allied economic activities in rural areas with a view to promoting IR DP and securing prosperity of rural areas and for matters connected therewith in incidental thereto.The main objectives of the NABARD as stated in the tale of objectives while placing the bill before the Lok Sabha were categorized as under 1. The interior(a) Bank will be an apex organisation in respect of all matters relating to policy, planning operational aspects in the field of credit for promotion of Agriculture, Small Scale Industries, Cottage and Village Industries, Handicrafts and other rural crafts and other allied economic activities in rural areas. 2. The Bank will serve as a refinancing institution for institutional credit such as long-term, short-term for the promotion of activities in the rural areas. 3. The Bank will also provide direct lending to any institution as may approved by the Central Government. 4. The Bank will have perfect links with the Reserve Bank and maintain a close link with in.sources of FundsAuthorised share capital of NABARD is Rs 500 crores an d issues and paid up capital is Rs 100 crores. NABARD accrues additional funds from borrowings from the Government of India and any institution approved by the Government of India, issue and sale of bonds i.e. Rural Infrastructural Development Bond, borrowings from RBI, deposits from State Governments and local authorities and gifts and grants received. NABARD have been providing financial assistance to various financial institutions engaged in Rural Credit actors line System. These agencies include Co-operative Credit Institutions, Regional Rural Banks and Commercial Banks. The demand for funds for rural development has come up considerably in recent times. To meet the increasing demand of rural credit, NABARD raises funds from the following sources (i) capIt went up from Rs.100 crore in shew 1992 to Rs.1500 crore in surround 1998 and further Rs. 2000 crore in 1999. The total Capital of NABARD is contributed by Government of India and RBI. The capital remained at Rs. 2000 crore in March 2002.(ii) DepositsThe deposits mainly come from Rural Infrastructural Development Fund (RIDF) introduced in Central Government Budget from the year 1995-96. Another source of deposits comes from banks which fall short of attaining priority sector target. The total salient(ip) RIDF deposits aggregated Rs. 9725 crore as on 31st March 2002.(iii) BorrowingsNABARD raises funds through market borrowings, Loans from conjunction Government and borrowings in Foreign Currency from abroad. Apart from these they also borrow funds from RBI. Their borrowings are mainly from three sources. They are by issue of bonds, borrowings from Government of India and borrowing abroad in foreign currency. The total outstanding borrowing amounted to Rs. 15,772 crore in March 2002.(iv) Reserves andThe excess of income over expenditures is generally accumu- Surplus lated as Reserves and surplus. As on March 2002, these reserves aggregated to Rs. 3626 crore.(v) Nation Rural CreditThese funds were in the first place provided by RBI to NABARD in con- Funds (Long-term section with assistance under Agriculture Sector. These were Operation Fund & given out of profits make by RBI. They stood at Rs.11064 crore Stabilization Fund) as on March 99. However it has gone(p) up to Rs. 13,975 crore as on March 2002. However, Reserve Bank stopped contributing large sums towards these two Funds from 1994. Presently, the RBI contributes only Rs.1.00 crore each to these funds as a symbolic gesture because the RBI Act provides for such contributions. The balance contribution now comes from NABARDs own profit.(vi) Rural Infrastructural Development Fund (RIDF)The setting up of RIDF was announced in the Union Budget for 1995-96. The RIDF was set up with a contribution of Rs. 2000 crore mainly to provide assistance to State Governments to take up infrastructure projects pertaining to irrigation, rural roads, bridges and flood control measures. Contributions to this Fund came from Indian Scheduled Co mmercial Banks (other than RRBs) which failed to achieve the tokenish agricultural lending target of 18 per cent of net bank credit. The shortfall of amounts in the target achievement was required to be kept in the RIDF with NABARD. Similarly RIDF II was set up in 1996-97 with contributions made by common sector banks which failed to achieve the minimum priority sector advances of 40 per cent. The shortfall in their target amount has to be kept in RIDF II. RIDF III was set up in 1997-98 with shortfall in priority sector landings of all private and public sector commercial banks.The contributions to these Funds were eligible for interest payment to be decided by Reserve Bank from time to time. The Funds are managed by NABARD. Loans out of these funds are mainly provided to State Governments to assoil existing rural infrastructural projects and also for taking up new infrastructural projects in rural areas. Loans out of RIDF I was provided interest at the rate of 13.0 per cent and at 12.0 per cent out of RIDF II and III. The projects generally pertain to irrigation facilities and construction of Roads and Bridges in rural areas. Similarly RIDF IV and V were created in the Union Budget during 1998-99 and 1999- 2000. Further RIDF VI and VII were created in 2001 and 2002 with a corpus of Rs. 4,500 crore and Rs. 5,000 crore respectively.The scope of the fund has been extended to cover thou Panchayats, Self Help Groups to develop rural infrastructural facilities like soil conservation, rural market yards, drainage improvement, etc. Students may observe the capital of NABARD has gone up by Rs. 1,500 crore to Rs. 2,000 crore during the year 2002. Similarly, the RIDF deposits which were only Rs. 3,608 crore in March 1999 were increased to Rs. 9,725 crore as on March 2002. The borrowing of NABARD has gone up substantially in the recent past from Rs. 9,000 crore in March 1999 to Rs. 15,772 crore in March 2002. The aggregate resources of NABARD were also substantially increased from Rs. 28,986 crore in March 1999 to Rs. 45,098 crore in March 2002. On the uses of funds while the loans and advances increased by about 25% between March 1999 and March 2002 loans out of RIDF funds went up substantially from Rs. 3,667 crore to Rs. 10,435 crore during the same period.