The Nature and Effect of Superbug H1N1 Coursework

The Nature and Effect of Superbug H1N1 - Coursework ExampleHA molecules ar particularly important in the development of the disease as they cause the preferential attachment to lung epithelial cells and the insertion of the virus contents into the host cell. Each protein in the virus has septuple subtypes. In gentleman-infecting influenza virus strains, there are three HA subtypes, H1, H2 and H3, while NA has both, N1 and N2. The different combinations of HA and NA make possible the nine-fold subtypes of Influenza viruses (Kimball, 2009). With the elucidation of the viral structure, it has since been discovered that there are multiple strains of the virus, and that they continually mutate and cross-infect swine, birds and mankind. As commonly seen among viruses, HA, together with NA, genes mutate at a high rate, causing new strains to be seen infecting humans almost yearly. This phenomenon is referred to as the antigenic shift. In addition, Influenza virus strains undergo gen e reassortment, in which two strains infecting the same bird or swine exchange RNA strands to develop a new virus subtype that the human population has not been exposed before. Thus, this antigenic shift usually causes severe epidemics. For example, the 1957 H2N2 Asian flu pandemic after the 1918 H1N1 Spanish flu pandemic is believed to be caused by the simultaneous infection of a human-infecting subtype and a bird-specific H2N_ resulting to the reassortment of their genes that produced a new bird-specific subtype that can infect humans. In effect, this new H2N2 subtype is something the human population at that time has not been exposed before, causing many a(prenominal) to have no immunity against the virus and to be capable to infection (Kimball, 2009). Because of the unique features of Influenza virus, current prophylaxis still involves multiple vaccinations, with the composition of multivalent shots varied per annum to confer protection against strains guessed to be most in fective during the coming season. Thus, prolonging and ensuring the effectiveness has been the focal point of many researches. A promising approach is the development of vaccines that can induce the production of antibodies that are specific against multiple HA subtypes. Throsby and his colleagues (2008) paved the way for such approach when they identified human antibodies that can bind to H1, H2, H5, H6, H8, and H9. They referred to this antibody as CR6261 (Eckiert et al., 2009). CR6261 AGAINST H1N1 AND OTHER SUBTYPES What makes CR6261 different from new(prenominal) antibodies that confer resistance to only one subtype of Influenza? Eckiert et al. (2009) tried to gain the 2.2 and 2.6A crystal structure of the antigen-binding portion (Fab) of CR6261, as well as the CR6261 Fab complexed with heterotypic HAs from human 1918 H1N1 pandemic virus and avian H5N1 virus. Although it was not mentioned in the study if there is any purpose in choosing H1 and H5 instead of the other subtypes, the choices probably served the most purpose because H1 has a history in causing a pandemic (1918 H1N1 Spanish flu), and H5 has a likelihood to infect and cause death among humans, who are mostly unexposed to such type of Influenza (Kimball, 2009). However, it is most ideal if the study

Retail Sales and Personal Income Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Retail Sales and Personal Income - set about ExamplePersonal income does non usually attire fast enough to absorb increases in pertain rates. This is more likely to be an issue for people whose budgets are already stretched, since people with lower recognise scores or worse ratios of income to expense are more likely to have to resort to variant rate loans in order to qualify for the credit they want, and these are the very loan payments which will rise with interest rates, forcing these consumers to make compensatory budget adjustments.The U.S. sell sales count from the National Retail Federation for calendar 2006 is 4.7% (NRF Forecasts 4.7% Growth for 2006 Retail Sales, 2006), more bullish than the Bloomsberg survey forecast of 3.4% for the same period (Leading U.S. Indicators Index Points to slow-moving Growth, 2006). Both forecasts exclude automobile sales, which has contributed to much of the recent volatility of the consumer spending and retail sales figures on a quart erly basis. The NRF press release acknowledges that pressures facing consumers include rising interest rates and fall sources of spending power, by which they mean that as the housing market cools, home equity will not be able to sustain as much spending as it did in the past.For 2005, the NRF forecast for retail sales was 5.6%, while the actual retail sales growth for 2005 was 6.1% (NRF Forecasts 4.7% Growth for 2006 Retail Sales, 2006). Bloombergs consensus forecast for the second half of 2005 was 6.9% (U.S. Economy Expanded at a 4.1% Annual Pace in trio Quarter.

Porter's Competitive Forces Model-Information Systems Research Paper

Porters Competitive Forces Model- culture Systems - Research Paper ExampleThus the competitory forces model helps integrity to understand the divergent strategies that the firm stick out take to counter the competition posed by the different external entities as reflected. Porters louvre Forces Model of Business Competitiveness thunder mug be reflected as follows. Figure 1 (Source Laudon, 2010, p.96) The business gains competitive advantage in its pursuits of governing the competitive flagellum imposed by these different parameters that can be analyzed as follows. Firstly the lodge would pee potential competitors existing at the market place that can work on product or imperfection development and thereby gain on its existing market share. This product or brand development can work in encouraging the consumers to switch over to gain the benefits of the products and service delivered. second the business company in question also needs to in effect compete in regards to star k naked entrants in the industry. Owing to lower economic and trade barriers it is found that companies focusing on the opening up of small retail arms and food joints tend to face lesser trade and economic constraints than companies in other industries where investment required is huge. In bombasticr investment sectors it is hard for the companies to retrieve potential returns on the amount invested and thus are deterred from entering. Again in the third case the business company running(a) for a longer period happens to create a more popular understanding of the type of the attributes of the products and services developed. Thus this fact encourages the emergence of substitute products in the marketplace with both the prevalence of more innovative products and also of lesser value and price. Fourthly the company needs to counter the bargaining power of consumers in meeting the requirements both in regards to quality and pricing conditions. The number of companies in the industr y being large enables the consumers to switch over to different concerns at the cost of the initial company holding the consumer. Finally in the fifth case the company needs to hold on to its suppliers from switching over to another company in the same industry rendering more leverage. Henceforth the business companies need to work on a greater network of suppliers where the company can tend to exert influence over the supplier groups in regards to pricing, quality and timely and effective delivery management guidelines (Laudon, 2010, p.94-97 Rainer and Cegielski, 2009, p.45-48). Thus the Porters Five Forces model effectively presents the situational analysis of a companys external environment based on which the firm is required to develop its potential strategies required for market growth and business development. Utility of Information Systems in Porters Competitive Forces Model The analysis of the above model reflects the various competitive forces that a company is required to counter to successfully exist in the competitive business market. herein the modern business companies tend to put into use information technology applications that would help the company to effectively counter the different competitive forces. Firstly it is found that business companies in order to largely contract the price structure of its products and services and at the same time work to generate profitability can largely integrate information systems in its applications. Retail organizations through the use of effective information systems can help reduce the amount of working capital that would be kept locked in regards to

Should women in the military services be assigned combat duties Research Paper

Should women in the military services be assigned invade duties - Research Paper ExampleThis base supports women to be in military and fights against the laws kept across to prevent them from fall upon. People are trying their best to introduce women in combat, by agree to the data taken during combat, majority of the death encountered during hostilities are of women. Even though, the paper supports women in combat, they are killed during the war. This paper explains two major factors that resulted to need of women in the forces. During a congress in the military service, they had problems recruiting and retaining a good number of qualified males, turning their attention into training women. The second thing was that there was a front man to have tint rights for women in the 1960s and 1970s. I will use this resource to will emolument information in the paper regarding the movement that resulted to equal opportunity in jobs, including national defense and the re trend of laws against them. Michele M, and Johnson D. Women in Combat compendium. Washington,DC Government Printing Office, 2012.Print. Michele and Douglas are in the U.S army college who conducted research for the army and the subdivision of defense. This book explains the compendium requested by Colonel Putko for the support of a study based on women in combat. Douglas Johnson agreed but had to put a condition to monitor the womens performance in the field. It is seen that the motion is one of the greatest emotion, and women wish to be part of the military. Research in the U.S army shows that approximately 15 percent are made up of women. This paper still indicates that it is impossible to apply rules that exclude women from combat due to the current battlefield. Enforcing the laws result to the reduction of combat capabilities, putting down the professional development of women and take on a serious reduction of readiness during warfare. The two major points supporting the combat of women i s that, the combat nature has changed and the rules that were earlier enforced do not fit in the current situation. There is no doubt that women can perform their duties in the combat situation, apply self-defense with great skills, which in essence, is equal to the male comrades. I will use this resource to provide the paper with details on the brilliance of women on combat duties. Solaro E. Women in the Line of Fire. Emeryville,CA Seal Press, 2006. Print. This book truly explains the facts of women in combat that was fought in the history of America. Success is shown in women in ground combat after a success in their mission, despite their exclusion. It is inevitable for the U.S to lack tactical and clear frontline women to engage with Iraqi women during the war. The book shows gender favouritism in the military and the government as there is a different in what women are say to do and what they are doing. The women capabilities in combat are assumed rather than being assessed. Leadership transition should be encouraged where women are integrated in all sectors of the military, to make an effective military. Women who have participated in combat services should be recognized, but the bans prevent them from being rewarded materials of combat veterans. Repealing the law put up to prevent women from combat is very necessary for gender equality. Both male and female should be inclined equal opportunity in combat. In the ranks, distribution women are offered the lowest ranks,

267 MKT. Principles of Marketing. 'Scents of Time.' Essay

267 MKT. Principles of Marketing. Scents of Time. - Essay Exampleplanning to flummox and launch a range of 15 perfumes over the next few years, targeting the UK market, where according to DP, the level of acquaintance about perfumes is at the same level as the knowledge of wine in the nineteen seventies. finished Scents of Time, DP seeks to help consumers learn more about the perfumes they are buying. DPs fragrances will be fully described and linked into one of the twelve fragrance families developed by Michael Edwards as the emergence industry standard (Case Resource).This paper conducts an compendium of the environment influencing the launch of Scents of Time, as salubrious as an analysis of how the UK market is to be segmented, with recommendations on targeting and positioning strategies that may be utilized. It goes on to recommend a determine strategy and the unit price for the fragrances in relation to factors influencing the market during 2009 as well as the recommende d media to meet the launch, including whether or not a celebrity endorser/s will be appropriate.The macro-environment consists of the broad patterns and trends in the country and the rest of the world, external to the business concern. These patterns and trends influence customers and how they would likely respond to a business offerings. They withal influence the business options open to the company (Gallagher 2007). PEST analysis is an analysis of the macro-environment affecting the business. PEST stands for political, economic social, and technological factors present in the external environment (NetMBA 2007).Political The primary political factor affecting the business of Scents of Time is government regulation regarding the use of chemicals which are a major component in perfumes. The RIFM and IFRA, the regulatory authorities for the perfume industry implement strict regulations for materials used in perfumes (RIFM 2009 IFRA 2009). DP is well aware of these regulations and has created Scents of Time using safe materials which comply with

Analysis on an Operation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analysis on an Operation - look into Paper ExampleThe activities of the operation attention mainly range from the strategic, tactical to operational levels. Tactical issues move the layout of the plant and structure, the selection of equipment and replacement, and the methods of the project trouble. On the other hand, the operational issues involves the handling of traffic and materials, the equipment maintenance, the quality review article and control, the inventory oversight and fruit scheduling and control. Operation management therefore focuses on the effectiveness and talent of the processes. The nature in which it is carried out in an organization depends on the nature of the products or services in the company much(prenominal) as wholesale, retail or manufacture. Shipper manufacturing company has various operational processes that enable streamlined production of its products. The operation process entails the type of product or product design, the product process fl ow, management of quality, supply chain management, project management or operation scheduling, forecasting and the inventory management. Good management of the operation processes contributes to the well performance of the company. It also helps the company to maintain its production supply and increases The Companys development as a whole. ... The parts overwhelm the material division (MD), Electrical wares Division (EPD), and the Advanced Product Division (APD). These divisions are located in Faribault. Minnesota. The company holds a good military strength in gross revenue because of the high efficiency levels. In addition, the company has improved growth and is in a good position on productivity. Analysis of the product and product design Shipper manufacturing company manufactures various products. Some of the products manufactured include electrical products, laminated materials and intensity level products. Advanced product division (APD), is a division in the company tha t manufactures the specialty products. Initially, APD manufactured custom products in very low volumes for the consumers. The consumers got very little products that could not satisfy their desires. However, the division plans to increase the volume of production for the multiple customers. The company therefore would require increasing its operational management in order to maintain its competition in the new environment. APD produces specialty products mainly for the custom orders such as helicopter blade liners, and mine stoppers. In addition, shipper manufacturing company produces many aerostats per year which are interchange to different parley companies. Furthermore, they are also sold to some foreign countries and the U.S. government mainly for communication purposes. The operation process flow analysis The production flow involves the movement of various items through the production process. The flow structure or the process flow used in production purposes has various imp acts on the operation layout, technological decisions, recourses and the methods used in doing the work. The process flow is a very important verbalism in Shipper

Case Study of Target Company Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Of Target Company - Case Study ExampleIn the evaluation of the interchange dimensions, attempt is made to identify and determine whether the reported win are supported by the change flow. For instance, cash flow would holdup incomes for a firm that has provided its clients with prolonged payment agreements or that has accrued store in expectation of augmented future sales. Such lagging cash flow would blight earnings lineament on the cash dimension. The balance sheet plays a very vital document in assessing the quality of earnings of a firm. The term position quality is commonly referred to the balance sheet when use to calculate the quality of earnings. The position quality is impaired if the assets of the firm are carried at amounts that surpass the exquisite value or when obligations are carried at amount less than that required to liquidate them (Lewis & Indiana University, Bloomington, 2007). prime(a) of earnings analysis is, therefore, an essential characteristic of the a ssessment process is obtaining a clear comprehension of the targets quality of earnings. An evaluation of the quality and sustainability of incomes should be carried out early. Evaluations change an earlier encouragement or a dissuasion finis and certify that baseline assessment methods are rational and impregnable in the determination of pricing and some other deal terms. Comprehending the sustainability of earnings and how that influences on business deal value and forecast modeling is vital to navigate across the exceptional features of any deal. The intension of this summary information on discrete companies hence is to enable more emphasis and consideration on one or more dimensions of quality of earnings. For instance, might peg non-recurring additions that thought to have reduced the companys incomes on the persistence approach. Alternatively, lessening cash flow may be the objective, impairing quality of earnings on the cash aspect. Finally, for some firms might look at the balance

Bristol University SWOT and PEST Analysis Essay

Bristol University SWOT and pesterer Analysis - Essay ExampleAnother strength is the financial stability and management. According to the annual records of the Bristol University in 2014, the universitys the Bristols financial statement shows cash flow generation of 10.1% in 2013/2014. This is a substantive evidence on the universitys strong financial stability. The strong financial stability and management enhances Bristol Universitys ability to invest in the innovation while also supporting the other areas of the growth (Shattock, 2015). Additionally, the universitys simpli city in terms of scoring and structure makes it easy in charting the scores of the individual oer time. This is specifically important in case studies. Other strengths include cultural and linguistic diversity of the students/city/staff and the increasing international, responsive to change, increasing amount and the quality of the applied research, and home student recruitment and demand (Dyson, 2000).Weaknes sesThe tightly constrained city center site where the Bristol University is located makes it hard for it to meet the flow requirements for the space efficiency. This makes it hard for the new buildings to fit in. Another weakness is the universitys poor adaptability of the processes to changes and demand, and the unnecessary bureaucracy (Clark, 2014). This makes it hard in securing the lean processes in the organisation. Other weaknesses include few endorsements, strains of expansion, and lack of the external clout.The increase international recruitment to Bristol University.

Case Study - Strategic Leadership Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

- Strategic Leadership - Case Study ExampleMaytag always thrived on spirit and remained customer-focused for its strategic predispositions. If a firm is operating along diverse job lines with a wide portfolio of products exclusively not able to assure tint, even the broad line strategy fails because the proposition satisfies organizations military control and profit motives. On the contrary, if a firm operates in a single line of business and allows multiple communication streams to its customers, chances of its success are more likely on the grounds of focus on core competencies, clear vision and craving for customer loyalty by means of enhanced quality and performance every time. The strategy of Maytag matched this philosophy where its planning was aligned with supplier collaboration, involving other business entities in the decision making process of the company and a streamlined supply chain with monitoring and watch at all levels. Such factors accounted for the unprecedent ed growth and superior performance of Maytag Corporation. Question 2 in the first place also, Maytag tried to carry on with the farm machinery and refrigeration business in conjunction with its airstream business. However, the escape at that time was not accompanied by need of growth and expansion as was make during 1980s. Saturation of the laundry market compelled Maytag to revisit its decision of expanding its product line and foraying into related appliance market. though refrigeration and home appliances were the two options available for Maytag to diversify, the latter seemed more lucrative as refrigeration had already been dropped off by Maytag. This might have made the former proposition cloudy and doubtful for Maytag. Secondly, the study rationale behind Maytags entering into the appliance market was to encash the availability of numerous technological growth opportunities and bargaining power from suppliers prevailing. Maytag was already a reputed name in the market a nd had close connection with suppliers, break dance control of consumer psyche and brand image of a quality and price conscious company. These factors would definitely benefactor Maytag replicate the legendary performance in the appliance sector as it had done in the laundry business. As such, with resources intact, Maytag should proceed to broaden its product line. In doing so, Maytag can provide greater number of connecting points to its customers with that of its business propositions and fill in the gaps with its value added products. Its collaborative relationships with suppliers and inter-functional departments will help in maximizing revenues and reducing be through business excellence and experience. Question 3 Broad line strategy emerges after a company has performed well in serving a single market of the entire segment. In Maytags case, it is the Numero Uno leader in laundry segment of the home appliance market and its strategic competencies of superiority, customer-ori ented philosophy, in-house production capabilities and comprise economies are but obvious. Unlike laundry business, other appliance segments are characterized by technology, investment and changing consumer demands. In this light, Maytag has the alternative of either going for a licensing venture or a strategic bond or acquisition. In the case of former, licensing will enable Maytag to concentrate on

Design Process - Satellite hinge Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Design lick - Satellite attach - Research Paper ExampleIts thickness and positioning ar adjusted so as to tune the final design in terms of motorization torque, stability, stiffness. Therefore, the selected hinges have to meet original constraints for the satellite to work since the movement of display panels has to be controlled without any damage and should be brought to rest and locked when fully deployed. These constraints are also very important since if they fail, then the whole satellite becomes unusable. (Givois, 2001)The hinges must have a supreme panel acceleration and deceleration of 200 deg/sec/sec and a maximum angular speed of 400 deg/sec. Individual panels should not exceed a weight of 200 grams while the cost of apiece hinge should be approximately 400. Figure 1 below shows the relationship between angle versus time, speeding versus time, acceleration versus time and torque versus time for both hinges. (Donzier, 1997)This comprise of two components i.e. a ef fected engage hinge and a four-fold degree-of-freedom floating hinge. Powered deployment is a result of High Output paraffin wax (HOP) linear motor that is acting through a redundant metal band. Deployment is initiated by provision of power to the actuator. One the panel is deployed in position, a bar latch gets into position hence locking the panel in a fully deployed position. (Starsys, p.51)It comprises of two hinges i.e. a spring powered drive and a multiple degree-of-freedom floating hinge. This provides exceptional stiffness for vibration loads without need of for a high tolerance alignment. Deployment verve is provided by a double coil torsion spring on the drive hinge. (Starsys, p.53)The hinge mechanics consist of a passive and powered constant torque hinge. The powered hinge is deigned to take axile and radial loads while the passive hinge has axial play to allow panel caloric displacements. This system provides a near constant torque for any deployment up to an angle of 180o. Each hinge consists of an axle,

Moral Frameworks for Business Ethics Research Paper

Moral Frameworks for Business Ethics - Research Paper voiceOrganizations undergo in part a godliness breadth by which the organizations ar ru direct. The concourse who attain are morally responsible to the people they serve. Similarly, they should also be an inspiration by creating trust and ahead(p) via common purpose and understanding. The decisions make by corporations cannot be separated from culture, behavior, and structure. A proposal was outlined by some researchers to associate a corporation to its political and kind environment in the same sort their decisions interfaced with the economic environment and the structure of the industry. This research represented a rigorous understanding call for social and ethical characteristics, which dominated decision making for corporations. In the last ten years, a large derive of journals in ethics has gained development. In the circumspection of corporations, the strategic part of it came into existence recently and currently is employ in planning and note. A researcher took a position that was radical that there is intrinsic expense in stakeholders interest irrespective of if its advances to shareholders interest. From this point of view, a corporations success is not the last but in another way should be viewed as a vessel to the progress of stakeholders interest. Ethical analysis is the way of arriving at conflicts resolution in goals and morals. It is vital in business. CSR developments have led to the questioning of investments decisions moral sensitivity. Facts Morality is majorly on the norms, beliefs, and values which are embedded in the process of socialization, which defines the wrong and right of a specific society. All human beings have a morality which is basic in sensing of wrong and right in association with an activity. In a corporation, the management personnel is recognized as moral people. Moral problems majorly concentrate on the harms brought by or caused to people in ways they cannot control. The principle of harm has been derived from many sources inclusive of utilitarian, contractual, virtue ethics and deontology. According to the utilitarian, the invent actions are the ones which excavate the best from any given situation. Therefore, harming others does not produce anything good, and if harm is prevented there are always good results in most cases. Every manager in any corporation makes decisions found on this case. Moral problems majorly focus on harms caused to specific multitudes or individuals beyond their control. The moral problems, which are connect to working conditions, are complicated as the harm they cause to particular people or group is due to the benefits derived by others. For instance, the employees of a specific company might be working under cockamamy conditions as their managers have embezzled some funds that were meant to deal with the situation. In contrary, a company at times has to execute irrespective of the harm that is ca used to other people. The secret behind morality is related to the look that moral issues are not measures which vary with economic and cultural conditions. The application of morality to business has been made more acceptable than before. Morality in business provides an explicit framework of morality within which business can specifically be evaluated activities by corporations.

M4A2-Theory and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

M4A2-Theory and Development - bear witness ExampleA particular cultural practice determines the kind of commodities consumed (Diller, 2011, p. 167). A stanch must, therefore, undertake investigation to ensure segmentation is done to fit a particular niche based on a peoples culture. In so doing, a firm benefits as products will sell do it possible to expand production capacity with less inventory accumulation.A firm motivates by incorporating both group in its work force ranging from migrants, underrepresented to disables who are further rewarded based on performance at different levels and not fixed at a 100% performance evaluation (Bullen, LeFave, Selig, & Chittenden, 2010, p. 134). Employees promotions should to a fault be fair based on inclusiveness as talents are not attached to disability as well as minority and hence top management should comprise all groups.A firm further ensures teamwork by including every lot in decision making process based on the principle of triangul ation as ideas generated from different employees debated and harmonized to yield increased productivity and its associated sales (Hoffmann, 2007, p. 125). A move employee via being incorporated in decision making feels part of success and will further come in all his effort to achieve given set goals.Cultural diversity has become an inevitable compass for keenness for any success oriented firm. Many consumers show variations in terms of products needs deeply rooted in traditional cultures and traditions (Yajima, Central research Institute of Electric Power Industry & Socio-economic Research Center, 2006, p. 124). Cross-cultural motivations of both employees and the consumers through promotions, inclusion in decision making process, top management as well as issuance of gifts to loyal customers has become a feature employed by multivendor Inc. to captivate brightest talents in its labor force as well retention of customers who further

Criminal Investigations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Criminal Investigations - Essay pillowcaseearance before judges and a preliminary hearing, and this is to observe if there is some probable cause to cerebrate the said crime is committed by the suspect. Other procedures involve the case being submitted to the grand jury. subsequently arraignment, there may be the occurrence of hearings. The other procedure is the settlement or rather the excuse docket. In addition, there are the pre-trial bms non yet addressed, in which case it may include the motion to suppress the evidence.A criminal trial contains several phase. The first phase is the jury selection. This is where there is throng of a pool of potential jurors and asked several questions. Second phase is the opening testament, in which case each(prenominal) side presents some overview of the case. Third phase is the find testimony. This is the phase that each side calls for a witness to be asked some questions about the case. Fourth phase is the closing testimony, in which case the prosecution and the abnegation make short summarizing statements. Next phase is jury instruction, and this is where the judges address the jurors by explaining the crime the defendant was judged and the application of the legal standards. The last phase is the verdict. This is the defendant is found to be guilty or not (Scheb & Scheb,

Roles and Role Dynamics within the Daimler-Chrysler Corporation after Essay

Roles and Role dynamics within the Daimler-Chrysler great deal after Their Merger - Essay ExampleThe paper tells that merger is one much important element of globalization. The phenomenon of a merger has been observed by the specialists of various sciences. One of the raise aspects of the phenomenon is its exploit on the integrated relations and the role dynamics after the process of merger. The case with Daimler-Chrysler Corporation is interesting to be examined as the example within the research as the case of the merger that appeared to be a takeover, with all its effects, influencing the relations within the corporation with its financial success. In fact, up to 80 percent of corporate mergers and acquisitions fail to garner the expected financial gains, mainly because the deal-makers fail to anticipate the psychological and philosophical clashes that net undermine the alliance, industrial/organizational (I/O). Before describing the circumstances of the merger it is importa nt to describe the major events that happened upright before the merger. The Chrysler telephoner was a successful enterprise when it was headed by Lee Iacocca, its President. By the end of the 70s, he provided his caller-up with $1.5 billion dollars as federal loan guarantees. These loan guarantees made Chrysler a profitable company until 1988 when innovations became necessary. The President of the company decided to risk and produced four kinds of new products - pickup trucks, sedans, minivan, and jeep. But at the start of the 90s Lee retired and it led the company to failure. After the merger, Chrysler began to lose money very quickly... The factors that led to such recur need careful consideration and the specialists are ambivalent as to determine the reason for the situation occurred. The company seemed to run well when the problems fell. When the problems revealed, the successor of Lee Iaccocoa, Robert Eaton, was fired and some other executives were fired with him. His pla ce was occupy by Dieter Zetche, who found that the present market situation demands reorganization in the company structure. He created a team of specialists that replaced the executives that were fired with Robert Eaton. His innovations comprised changes in the improvement of the quality and as well as producing new products - a new model of pickup and jeep. This policy turned out to be successful and Chrysler received 788 one thousand million euros in 2002. In the merger of 1998, Daimler Benz and Chrysler Corporation created a new corporation of companies approximately of the same size but quite different in organizational culture and corporate relations. Chrysler was a company created in the USA, with the business strategy of the company dictated by the necessity of the flexible approaches and innovations. Daimler Benz was inspired by the features of the German culture - it is characterized by the strict hierarchical structure with high diversifications in corporate relations. The merger looked give care it was the union of two partners with equal rights, and this was the information that had been presented to the USA public by Daimler. But the fact was that the Chrysler Corporation had been sold. This led to numerous problems that occurred in the company itself, and these problems may partially influence the failure the company confront in 1998 - 2000.

Emergency department bottleneck proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

taking into custody department bottleneck proposal - Essay ExampleThe causes of the problem are two fold. The commencement ceremony is that the inflow of perseverings into the ED is not evenly spaced throughout the day and occurs as a rush during fours in the late evening and night. No plan can be created for changing the pattern of inflow of patients into the ED, as they occur as naturally. The second is that during the peak flow of patients into the ED, the services that are needed to provide reward for the ED in the provision of timely and musical note tutorship are functioning at their token(prenominal) ability, since they are in the after-hours mode. This is the cause that the sigma team to address in overcoming the problem.Practical barriers to receiving quality care in an ED is dependent on two key factors of access to service at the ED and the availability of the services required support services either in the ED or instanter accessible (Rust et al, 2008). Overcomi ng these barriers to quality service calls for consideration of the types of patients and the emergencies and the resources at the ED (Frush, 2007). The essential problem in quality care in an ED is the mismatch in the demand and supply of resources at the ED. From the perspective of the patient seamless provision of care from the time of arrival at the ED is the quality of service expected. The first step is this direction is preventing diversion of ambulances to the ED, which will reduce the overcrowding at the ED (Stokowski, 2007).The next step consists in organizing the ED into three separate field of honors to attend to areas to attend to medical problems, surgical problems and Urgent care area for triaging of patients. Staffing of the ED is the next issue. Since the ED peaks between 6.00 pm and 10.00 pm specialist services in the required different branches of medicine will be available. In addition the number of interns or residents at the ED will peak during this period of

Examine and comment on Islamic and Hindu beliefs about life after death Essay Example for Free

Examine and comment on Islamic and Hindu touchs about feel later demise EssayLife subsequently death is often a highly charged, debateable topic. Through this essay I go forth examine the argument that at that place must be an duration to come to explain morality in this valet and refer to The Quran for Islam and Bhagavad Gita for Hinduism. This go away allow me to conclude that an subsequently feeling can effectiveify morality, as human universes our demeanors ground is dependant on the belief of a undecomposed future.Both religions very foundation rely on the fact that on that blossom is an after aliveness, as deeds in this life get out be accountable at heart the next. Although Islam and Hinduism two count in an after life they teach radically different things about what it is. The Islamic belief is based on a linear time line, meaning that each person go away unrecorded on this soil once and after that be judged by God.The good and the bad deeds of each person give be weighed. (Quran 78). This view differs with the Hindu belief as their belief is that to luck into Mokhsa (release from the cycle of life) every superstar has to be reborn somewhere or the other to undergo some experience, until the Absolute organism is realised as identical with oneself. by Swami Krishnananda. The individual must continue to transmigrate between spirits to shine all bad karma in the various lives they had been in to attain complete salvation.Belief in al- akhirah (life after death) is so crucial to the Islamic faith that whatsoever doubts about it amounts to the denial of Allah (God). This view is sh atomic number 18d by the Muslim minority.According to Islamic belief, we have no subject matter of knowing death as a revisiting experience, even Allah (God) has disposed humanity events to every question regarding death. The jump rhetorical question the Muslim is confront with in the Quran is who volition give life to the dead bones? Islam decl atomic number 18s that the ennoble forget.In the Quran, Allah deepens mans port of thinking by asking them to reflect on how the rain revives dead commonwealth. It is Allah Who sends fourth the winds, so that they skip up the clouds, and drive to a land that is dead, and revive the earth in that locationwith after its death (Quran 359)According to Islam life on this earth is temporary it is a preparatory stage for the akhirah (life after death) which will be infinite. Life on this earth is meaningless if good actions atomic number 18 not punished and bad conduct not punished. In order for an afterlife to exist, in that respect must be some omnipotent being driving this idea forward. I will now be referring to Kants idea of the universe being satisfied, price has to be punished and good rewarded even if this takes place after death .The moral philosopher, Immanuel Kant argued that morality was the compressed imperative. if there is moral law, there must ther efore be a law giver.Modern lodge in alliance with Islamic and Kantian Views postulate that justice must be served. An example of this would be if a person commits an offence against humanity he/she has to be imprisoned. Were then faced with situations where our justice body has failed to act with fairness and impartiality in accordance with what is morally right, this is when the idea of justice in the afterlife in religion comes into place.The current Laws are passed by parliament. The followers of Islam believe the One who ensures the rules in this life and delivers the verdict in the after life is the almighty skipper. If we refer back to Kant, that once we die there is an afterlife for the universe to be morally satisfied that good is rewarded and evil is punished, there must be a God who can bring about some sort of Justice.He is who controls the nirvanas and the earth ( devoted Quran 2760.)To deny God as the moral law Giver is to deny the simply reasonable foundation f or the law of morality in both the religions, as in Islam the fundamental belief that the almighty God is the basis of all foundation of all belief within that faith, similarly in the contrasting religion the someone of the individual wishes to have some sort of conclusion in Islam the futurity and in Hinduism salvation to become one with the creator Brahma. However the figure that differs the two religions is that the construct of the someone, within the religions. In Islam the soul has its own identity of the individual it was attached to at the moment of conception it has no relation to its creator other then the fact that the lord was the one who blessed life into it and the soul will be obedient to its creator to the day of legal opinion.The concept in Hinduism contradicts this idea as it feels the soul is God in itself as it has to go through a process which will enable the religious self to become God himself over the process of time. If justice is not done on earth th erefore there must be an after life. The concept of costless will argues that humanity has been given guidelines by God. It is up to individuals whether they follow them or not. Some may then argue that God does not care about people as He allows suffering to take place. This is where justice in the hereafter is satisfied, and so that is why there is morality in this world.For Muslims not to care about life after death is a serious failing. Muslims are certain that people die. Doubts have been expressed by non Muslims regarding life after death. They question how Allah (God) can raise men and women after death, hardly Islam teaches that God can make human beings out of postal code so it is not difficult for Him to raise them again.O mankind If you are in any doubt about the come upion, then verily, we have created you (i.e. Adam). (Quran 225)The Quran goes on get along to say thatDoes man think that we shall not assemble his bones? Yes, surely we are able to bushel the very shap e of his fingertips. (Quran 75 3-4).The Hindu sacred Scriptures much(prenominal) as the Upanishads and the Vedas clearly speak of a God that is associated with classical theism. Although over centuries we have come to know Hinduism as a faith with numerous some other(prenominal) a(prenominal) gods it primarily has one God.By one supreme Ruler is the universe pervaded. Even every world in the whole circle of nature, He is the True God (- Yajurveda XLI) .Similar ideas are expressed in the Upanishads sock Me alone as the creator of all I am the cause I am the represent of all that exists in the universe. May ye never turn away from me May ye never accept any other God in my place, nor worship Him. What we can analyse from these quotes that for God to bring man to his origin self is not an impossible task as he has created us he can eradicate us and restore our very lives.According to Islam when a person dies on earth he/she will not be restored to life until the day of resurr ection. From the time a person dies until resurrection, they remain in a suspended pass on in Arabic known as Barzakh. The dead could be in this state of waiting for thousands of years before being brought back to life. The prophet Mohammed has said that death is only the set-back of the resurrection. 1 Islam states that time only exists for those living on earth. Once a man dies he leaves the time zone and a thousand years becomes the blinking of an eye.Although Islam rejects the notion of the transmigration of souls through various lives like Hinduism, it does state that the soul of each child came into existence ,before the physical birth from the mothers womb. An example of this is were God made a covenant with Adam and extracted all his descendants from him and God foretold the religion of Islam so that the disbelievers of the faith were left in no doubt that God would resurrect humankind once more(prenominal) on the day of Judgement. 2Although Muslims are given the day and month of this fateful day they are not however given the year as all the signs leading up to this day must be fulfilled. 3The insolate will only be a mile away from the earth therefore mankind will be standing in its own perspiration according to a companion of the prophet. This has been taken from the Sahih Bukhari (collections of sayings of the Prophet Muhammad.Then the individual will be punished according to how bad the sin was that they committed. The worse the sin, the more hard the punishment will be. 4On this day accounting of deeds will dumbfound and each and every person will be given a book that will elaborate all the good and bad they have done in life. Although certain deeds in life will act as a backup to save you from punishment Muslims over the world go to the pilgrimage of Hajj so that their sins can be purged. Hajj is a purification of the soul from sins and a means to gain the Mercy of Allah.Keep on doing Hajj and Umrah, for they eliminate poverty and sin jus t as the bellows eliminate impurities from iron and gold and silver. (Sahih Bukhari). In Islam, the foundation for a good afterlife is to have faith in the almighty lord and to try to lead a sin free life. Such is the driving force behind the concept in Hinduism be lovingly devoted to whichever Hindu god you are devoted to and similarly be dedicated to various religious ceremonies and rites.There are different aspects of Hinduism that determine how they lead their lives and what actions they do in order to affect their afterlife.There is also the factor of the burial procedure that could affect your outcome in the afterlife. The reasoning behind Hindu cremation is that they believe that the human personality is made up of five elements four of which belong to the body which comes from this world, approach, earth, air, water. By cremating the body, the elements are returned to their several(prenominal) area, while the soul continues in the afterlife. After death Muslims are buried, because even after death the soul can still feel pain so disposing of the body in any other means is a sin.When a Hindu devotee dies their soul leaves the body and goes to some other world and returns again after spending some time there. Where a person is reborn is determined by their karma, the effects of a persons actions that determine their destiny in the next incarnation. Hindus try to do virtuous acts of conduct so that they will increase their good karma and be reborn higher up in the caste system. This is done in numerous ways. Their initial motor is to worship Brahman (supreme Lord) by thinking about him and reading his Holy books. The Vedas, Smritis, Ramayan and Bhagavad GitaTheir life should involve praying and making offerings to the various Gods that take form from Brahman originally. There is no proper(postnominal) God that you can worship, whichever you choose is acceptable as it leads to essentially to Brahman.Hinduism believes in the existence of not one sin a nd heaven but in the existence of many sun filled heavens and many demonic worlds. 5In the ultimate sense the purpose of these worlds is to neither punish nor reward the souls, but to remind them of the true purpose of their existence to lead an adequate life according to the Hindu Holy scripture The Vedas.The process of being born, to grow, die and be reborn again is known as samsara. It is the aim of every Hindu to be freed from this cycle in order to be in the presence of God, or become one with God. Karma is in itself a system of reward and punishment.The idea of metempsychosis is not strictly limited to Hinduism. The idea of reincarnation is also becoming more popular in the West. This concept of reincarnation is summarily described in following verse of the Bhagavad-Gita.Just as a man discards careworn out clothes and puts on new clothes, the soul discards worn out bodies and wears new ones. (222)The Hindu concept of reincarnation directly challenges the Islamic and western notion of one life, one heaven, one hell and the net day of judgement. According to the following quote Islam contradicts the belief of transmigration there is the belief that once our hearts rub beating this is the end of our worldly life but the argument of the non-believers is that bring back our forefathers.There is not but our worldly life we die and live (i.e. some people die and others live, replacing them) and nothing destroys us except time. (Quran, 4524-26)Although Islam does primarily reject the notion of reincarnation in the form of another being, there is an exception to this. Islam is split in to 72 various sets and there is one set that does believe in reincarnation, the Druze. The Druze belong to an eleventh century offshoot of Shia Islam, which originated in Egypt.The similarity with this sect and Hinduism is that it also believes in the transmigration of souls, although this sect calls itself Muslims it denies the sidereal day of Resurrection and the idea of he aven and Hell.Similarly they believe the body is to return to the elements and the universe is unceasing and always will be. The physical body of the ones departed and the burial procedure for Muslims is just the earth pass judgment what was already its own To Allah we belong and to Him is our return. (Chapter 2, verses 153-156.)This then leads to the point that they do not belief in the inwardness of the prophets of Islam. The Druze sect is not accepted by other major sects of Islam, they suffer from isolation of followers of the homogeneous religion.Although there are exceptions, Islam predominately feels a strong and solid approach to the one Supreme Lord and the Day of Judgement. After examining both religions and their beliefs it seems that both religions have the belief in life after death but a very different approach. There are several shields where Muslims have turned to other religions for the answer to the afterlife.6Having examined and commented on beliefs on life a fter death in Islam and Hinduism, thus relating back to the first point of morality, that must exist and be justified in the first place for us human beings to first rationalise that there must be an afterlife. When this is understood then the ideas of different religious views on the afterlife can be understood.Islams belief ties in with the western notion of the standard hell and heaven and you are judged according to your deeds in your life that you have committed. You are resurrected but in the form you died in. Muslims are then weighed for deeds, dependant on that you either go to hell or heaven. You are faced with many obstacles on the way and even though you have primarily been good all your life you still will be punished for the sin. There are also many large signs before the fateful day. For majority of Muslims the belief in the afterlife determines the way they lead their lives whilst alive.For Hindus however the belief is that you are reincarnated as something else, eith er in higher caste or lower depending on the good/bad karma. You go through various lives and cycles to balance this karma until you become god (moksha). I am the Self, seated in the hearts of all beings I am the beginning, the middle and also the end of all beings. (10.20 Gita)The Hindus teachings also lay on the principle of morality as they are to be reunited with Mother Nature. In the Hindu religion, righteousness and to be without sin is of more importance, these are the factors whether one goes to Heaven or Hell. The Hindus teach, As it does and as it acts, so it becomes The role player of good becomes good, and the doer of evil becomes evil. (Upanishad (4,4,5)) This quote explains that Hinduism has a concept of morality.Previously I have fey on the lifestyles of both religions Hinduism and Islam. Although they both believe in different outcomes, already while alive they weaken a moral attitude in the back of their minds. This life will determine heaven/hell or higher /lowe r caste depending on what your religious belief is. What we can examine from this is that reward is something we all strive for, so the idea of a better life in the hereafter encourages good conduct in both faiths.Ultimately no matter what religion you have faith in it seems we rely in a better life in the hereafter. Hindu and Islamic beliefs about life after death seek to explain morality on this Earth. Our actions in this life will determine our post life existence, whether we go to heaven, hell, or are reincarnated. Both religions agree with Kants theory that the Universe require to be satisfied. Worshippers are thus encouraged to strive to maintain their good conduct in this life. Without such explanations Kant explains, morality would be irrelevant. 2932Notes1) A story is told in the Quran, about a man who doubted Allahs ability to resurrect a village. Allah caused him to die for a hundred years and when he was resurrected, questioned him as to how long he had slept. He replie d A day or part of a day. Then God said Look your nourishment has rotted, look at your crops and the dead bones of your animals look how we adjust them and cover them with flesh (Quran 2259)2) When your Lord drew forth from the loins of the children of Adam, their descendants and made them testify concerning them. (Saying) Am I not your Lord they said, Yes, we testify to it. (This) in case you say on the Day of Judgement, We were unaware of this. Or in case you say, It was our ancestors who made partners (with Allah) and we are only their descendants. Will you then destroy us for what those liars did?83) The length of the day of judgement will be equivalent to fifty thousand years of this world and this quote can be found in verses (70 4) Holy Quran.The Sunni Islamic belief is thatOn Friday the tenth of Muharram Angel Israfeel will cytosine a trumpet the sound will be so fearful that the entire universe will self-destruct. (The day of judgement by the Sunni foundation)3) And veril y, Hell is the promised abode for them all. It has seven gates to each of those gates is a specific class of sinners assigned.al Hijr, 15 43-44MurderersAnd whoever kills a believer intentionally his recompense is Hell to abide in that forever, and the wrath and the curse of Allah is upon him, and He has prepared for him a great punishment.an-Nisa, 4 93Verily, of the inmates of the Fire, the one with the easiest punishment will be one who will have a pair of sandals and straps of fire. His brain will boil from them as a kettle boils. He does not see that anyone is suffering a punishment more severe than him, while he is the one with the easiest punishment.Sahih al-Bukhari and Muslimhttp//www.shariahprogram.ca/articles/hell-devil-description.shtml4) Then believers and disbelievers will go to the bridge lying over the fire from hell the bridge will be of one single hair and be sharp as a sword. The journey will be of no difficulty to those who lived their life according to Islam.5) In dralok is the standard heaven to which those who please the Gods through their activities go. The standard hell is Yamalok.6One example is the 11-month-old Muslim boy from India. He has now been named Balaji, another name for monkey-faced Lord Hanuman.He is reported to have a 4in tail caused by genetic mutations during the increment of the foetus. Iqbal Qureshi, the childs maternal grandfather, is taking Balaji from temple to temple where people offer money to see the boy. Mr Qureshi says the baby has nightclub spots on his body like Lord Hanuman and showed them to journalists, reports Indian newspaper The Tribune. What this quote shows is that there are differences of opinion within a religion as even genetic mutations such as this one have altered the decision in believing in the Day of Judgement for a Muslim man. (http//www.freerepublic.com/focus/fr/607381/posts)

How to Mend a Broken Heart Essay Example for Free

How to Mend a bewildered Heart EssayWhen you get a broken heart, you have to mend your heart. Although you feel sad and breakt like to do anything, you are always cry, always implying about someone as you love to and almost the time, you would like to be alone. But its not really good because something, that solve you get divulge is going outside to undecided your mind, For example. First, you should go outside to recover your friends because the friend provide always be helpful to you, for example. They ordain be consultant to get you feel better and they will invite you to the party, it can help you to forget the sadness. So when you feel sad, one of all to get you better is your friends. Second, you should go outside to play the activities. Such as, exercise and play sports. These can make your body to be strong and your heart too because when you do this, you feel tried and then you dont think much anymore. Finally, you should go to travel.Traveling can help y ou much because you will see something that never see and you will see or talk with someone who never know. Maybe it can make you open your mind because traveling makes you to meet new things and then you will forget the sadness. The opening your mind is the trump out way to help you from sadness. Its one way to mend you a broken heart. But further this is you have to make your heart to be strong by yourself.

Political Sponsering of Ngos Essay Example for Free

policy-making Sponsering of Ngos EssayGreenpeace and green governmental parties ar united in their position against nuclear energy and their embody for renewable energies. Christian charity organizations and conservative policy-making parties both stand for traditional family values and against family planning. except does this mean they should work to drumher? Often policy-making parties sponsor NGOs, but is this sponsoring even acceptable? there be several arguments which we would like to consider. The credibility of NGOs as independent organizations and their ability to pursue their social interests are harmed by political sponsoring. The credibility of NGOs decreases, because more often than not, the interests of political parties are more important than the master key docket of the NGOs, due to (financial) sponsoring. The reason for political parties to engage with NGOs in the form of political sponsoring is to increase maintenance for the statements on the pol itical agenda. NGOs often deal more resources and are less restrained to all sorts of rules and laws to defy in rigorous actions.However, this money brush aside only be invested when the NGO compromises its own agenda with the agenda of the political party, which means that they might have to compromise on their own values, missions and visions. Hence the question rises how can an NGO be called non-governmental when there is a political influence? A counterargument for this is that there is a dissimilarity between a political party and the government. Of course this is the case, but a political party is a part of the government. In the Netherlands it is even the case that the political parties get subsidy by the government, so these are inseparable.Thus we argue you can? t call a NGO non-governmental anymore when it is sponsored by political parties, which significantly decreases their credibility. Democratic control of political action that is outsourced to NGOs and is therefor e beyond democratic control. When a political party is chosen to participate in a countrys parliament, this is done in a democratic way. People can vote for the party that has arguments and goals closest to the persons own vision. However, the placard of an NGO is not chosen in a democratic way, they are simply hired because they are the right person to do the job.When NGOs will engage in political actions, people who are not democratically chosen will gain political power. The accountability of political parties to their stakeholders, in special those who may not agree with the objectives of the NGOs that are sponsored, is harmed by political sponsoring. When people vote democratically for a political party, they vote for the agenda the political party has before engaging with any other organization. When political parties go and sponsor NGOs, the party most likely has to compromise on its own agenda to get to an agreement with an NGO. Citizens now are voting for NGOs without kno wing this.The voters do often not have a say in which NGOs are sponsored, so there is a great likelihood that part of the political partys stakeholders will not approve of the chosen NGOs at all. The missions and visions of these organizations could be in contradiction with the opinions of the stakeholders and voters, and they have absolutely no control over this. Proponents of political sponsoring say that the voters dont compromise, because they have the same goal as the political parties. We would like to stress here that even though psyche has the same goal, you dont have to agree with the actions that are taken.Especially actions of NGOs, which are most commonly known as radical, can get a lot of resistance by the voters and other stakeholders of the political parties. An important question you can ask yourself in the light of this last argument is Does the end apologise the means? Does the common goal lead to an acceptance of all (radical) actions taken by NGOs? This is an important question, oddly for the stakeholders of the political party, because by political sponsoring all the stakeholders of the parties (including the voters) indirectly approve of the NGOs actions.

History of the game Essay Example for Free

History of the granular EssayAs the fraudulent schemes of the plot have changed, the agency of play has changed accordingly. During the wooden fete era, before the overgorge of the admixture and metal composite revels, players throw groundstrokes with slight topspin but mostly flat or with underspin, oddly on the backhand side. To provide the players with the underspin or flat shots, players take out with an eastern grip (slightly east of the Continental style grip achieved by sliding the V area between the thumb and index flick down the side of the frame to the grip) to help generate slice and handle low goons better. Players used this style of play to compensate for the lower bounce produced on sponsor courts compared to the bounce of hard and clay courts instantly.In effect, groundstrokes had to be long and fluid with early preparation and a long follow through to birth the necessary power and control by swinging the heavier wooden rackets.Players with wooden rackets also stood sideways to the ball and stepped into the swing to generate more(prenominal) than power. Furthermore, the small sweetspot of the wooden racket required players to have more exact, controlled swings kind of of the quick, powerful, whip- exchangeable swings of todays players. As an example, John McEnroe, a former tennis professional and Grand Slam winner, supports wooden rackets expressionI have been a proponent of the wood racketwood rackets would bring back skill and finesse to the gage and would make the points longer and more fun to watch. And I could watch all those young guys cry like that little baby doll that wets herself as they try to return a armed service with a 15-ounce foot of lumber. (McEnroe 1).As a result, players could not end the point with a single shot like today and therefore games consisted of more rallies.The rackets and styles of play have evolved to the 21st Century and have dramatically changed the way tennis is played. Instead of the long and fluid groundstrokes used with wooden rackets, lighter more powerful rackets have developed quick, short but powerful swings by tennis players today. The players also use a more horse opera or semi-western grip (achieved by placing the racket on the ground and coming from straight above, picking the racket up with one hand). These grips tend to generate more power and topspin as well make it easier to fall upon high bouncing balls. This heavy topspin usually causes points to end more quickly with more winners and harder shots.These changes in the game are all in relation to the development of higher bouncing courts, hard courts and clay courts, and the shorter grass court tournament season. Also, as a result to the more powerful modern rackets, serves were consistently hit over 100 mph and many clocked at more than 120 mph contributing to the fast points. Furthermore, many serves were unreturnable meaning that it would be almost impossible for players to return or ev en more to hit the ball with the racket.The change in rackets in the 20th Century was not only limited to a change in the game but the tennis market was affected as well. According to Edward Tenner, the untried rackets were not as profitable for racket manufacturers as the wooden rackets were during the peak in tennis popularity in the early 1970s (Tenner 3). However, shortly following this rapid growth in tennis popularity, tenniss popularity among the common throng started to decline. According to the records of the Tennis Industry Association, two stratums before the introduction of the Prince racket in 1974, the summate of tennis players reached its peak and then started a decline (Tenner 1).Later, the sale of tennis balls was evaluated and showed a drop in tennis ball usage between 1990 and 1993 (Tenner 3). A short explanation of this event could be that players were not ready to pay the higher price for newer metal rackets. The modern rackets, costing about $150, were much more expensive compared to the lower price of wooden rackets in the early 1970s. However, the introduction of the modern rackets produced a larger selection of varying rackets for tennis consumers shown in the following excerpt from Tennis Magazine, To play your best tennis, your racket has to complement your game. And with more frames than ever being designed for specific types of players, finding that magic wand has neer been easier. (2001 Racket Guide 1)In addition, modern rackets are designed for all different types of players including strictly baseliners to serve and volleyers. Mark Macky, Dunlops director of racket sports, shows this in the following statement, Its no longer enough to make a racket for one ability level beginner, intermediate, advanced. Today, companies make rackets that are targeted to specific styles of play. A serve and volleyer, for example, get out want a different type of racket than a baseliner. (2001 Racket Guide 1) Although while racket manufact urers may have suffered from the introduction of modern rackets, consumers seem to benefit.According to New York Times newspaper, the new metal rackets prove to last longer and need restringing less often saving consumers money (Tenner 3). Furthermore, metal rackets give the gate last up to ten years or more contrary to the wooden rackets that were damaged by age, warping, and cracking.In conclusion, although many tennis professionals believe that wooden rackets would increase the charisma of tennis, there is undeniable cause that proves modern rackets to be better for the game and all levels of players.Newer rackets provide more options for tennis players, giving them more power and control than ever before therefore elevating the level of play in the game of tennis. They also appeal to lower levels of players making the game easier to learn and in effect, better for everyone. In addition, although the market seemed to be falling, it is currently rising for the game of tennis and showing this, the U.S. Open has had more viewers in the year of 2001 than ever before in the history of the game.

Literary genres Essay Example for Free

literary genres Essayliterature (ltrchr, -chr) noun. 1. The body of written make waters of a language, period, or culture. 2. inventive or creative writing, especi all in ally of recognize artistic value belles-lettres must be an analysis of experience and a synthesis of the findings into a unity (Rebecca West). 3. The art or occupation of a literary writer. 4. The body of written work produced by scholars or researchers in a given field medical examination belles-lettres. 5. Printed squ atomic number 18 collected all the available literary works on the line of business. 6. Music All the compositions of a indisputable kind or for a specific instrument or ensemble the symphonic belles-lettres. 1.written material such as rhyme, novels, essays, etc. , esp works of imagination characterized by excellence of agency and grammatical construction and by themes of general or enduring use up 2. the body of written work of a concomitant culture or people Scandinavian litera ture 3. written or printed matter of a particular type or on a particular guinea pig scientific literature the literature of the fiddle 4. printed material giving a particular type of in anatomyation sales literature 5. the art or profession of a writer 6. Obsolete learning 1. writing in prose or verse regarded as having permanent worth through its intrinsic excellence.2. the entire body of writings of a specific language, period, people, etc. 3. the writings dealing with a particular subject. 4. the profession of a writer or author. 5. literary work or production. 6. any kind of printed material, as circulars, leaflets, or handbills. 7. Archaic. literary culture appreciation of letters and books. literature the forgivingistic study of a body of literature he took a course in Russian lit. literary study the humanistic study of literatureliterature creative writing of recognized artistic value literature published writings in a particular style on a particular subject the te chnical literature 1 aspect of Waterloo has not yet been treated in the literature mankind of writing, written material, writing the work of a writer anything expressed in letters of the alphabet (especially when considered from the point of view of style and effect) the writing in her novels is excellent that editorial was a fine piece of writingliterature creative writing of recognized artistic valuehistoriography a body of historic literature literature the profession or art of a writerher place in literature is secureprofession an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal liberal arts or sciences)literature creative writing of recognized artistic valueTypes of Literature Fictional Literature dramatic play Drama is the theatrical dialog performed on stage, it consists of 5 acts.Tragedy, comedy and melodrama ar the sub types of drama. e. g William Shakespeare, an Elizabethan playwright composed the plays Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear that are noteworthy because of its combination of tragedy and comedy. Problem play, farce, fantasy, monologue and comedy of dexterity are some kinds of drama.Tragedy It is a story of the major character who faces bad luck. Tragedy, elements of horrors and struggle normally concludes with the death of a person. The Illiad and The Odyssey by Homer are the two famous Greek tragedies. Comedy The conk out character overcomes the conflicts and overall look of the comedy is full of laughter and the issues are handled very lightly.The elements used in the comedy are romanticism, exaggeration, surprises and a comic view of life. Melodrama Melodrama is a blend of two nouns melody and drama. It is a musical play most popular by 1840. Uncle Toms Cabin is one of the most popular plays describing ruthlessness of labor life.It has happy ending like comedy. Tragicomedy The play that begins with serious mode but has a happy ending is tragicomedy. Prose Literature History, daybookism, philosophy, fi ction and fantasy writings, scientific writings, childrens literature authors and writers are included in Prose Literature. Myth Myths are the fairy tales with lots of adventure, magic and it lacks scientific proof.Nursery rhymes, songs and lullabies are forms of myths that strike the interest of children. Creative and nature myth are stories of the stars and moon. Magic tales are wonderful tales of quests and fantasy. Hero myths are example heroes of adventure. condensed storyThe small commercial fiction, true or imaginary, smaller than a novel is cognise as short story. Short stories are well-grouped that followed the sequence of easy and no complexity in beginning, concrete theme, some dialogs and ends with resolution.They are oral and short-lived which have gossip, joke, fable, myth, parable, hearsay and fabrication. Novel Novel can be base on comic, crime, detective, adventurous, romantic or political story divided into many parts. The major kinds of novels are apologue T he symbolic story revolves around two meanings. What the writer says directly is integrally different from the conveyed meanings at the end. Political and Historical allegory are two forms of Allegory.Comedy Satire is very common form in comedy novels and tries to focus on the facts of the society and their desires. Epistolary The collection of letters or mails is the informal novels. Samuel Richardsons Pamela and Henry Fieldings Joseph Andrew are the few examples of Epistolary novels. FeministThese types of novels are written by women writers around the terra firma to describe the place of women in a male dominated society. E. g Virginia Woolfs A Room of ones Own. mediaeval Gothic fiction is the combination of both horror and romance. Melodrama and parody were grouped in the Gothic literature in its early stages. Ironic Ironic novels are known for excessive use of chronicle technique.It is ridicule on the contemporary society about cultural, fond and political issues. Realis m The substantiveistic novels are based on the truths of ordinary society and their problems. It focuses on the plot, structure and the characters of the novel. Romance Love and relationship topics are handled optimistically in the romantic novels. It linageated in western countries basically the story revolves around love affairs of chief(prenominal) characters. Some popular sub categories of romantic novels are paranormal, erotic, suspense, multicultural and inspirational romance. Narration In narrative style, writer becomes the third person who narrates whole story around the characters.Naturalism Naturalism is based on the theory of Darwin. Picaresque It is opposite to romance novels as it involves ideals, themes and principles that refuse the so-called prejudices of the society. Psychological Its the psychological prospective of mind with a resolution. Satire Satirical novels criticize the contemporary society. The most famous novels are Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels (17 26), Kingsley wrong(predicate) Lucky Jim (1954), George Orwells Animal Farm and Randell Jarrells Pictures from an Institution (1954). Stream of Consciousness James Joyces stream of consciousness is all about the thought coming up in the minds of the readers.A novel also constitutes categories on social and political aspects like proletarian, psychological, protest novel, government, didactic, materialist novel, allegorical novel, novel of engagement, naturalistic novel, Marxist novel, radical novel, revolutionary novel, anti-war novel, utopian novel, futuristic novel, anarchist novel, problem novel, social philosophy novel, novel of ideas, problem play and speculative novel. syndicate Tale Folk Tales are traditional stories that have been creating interest since ancient times. The children and old persons like apparitional story, magic and superstition as well. Fable, tall tales, cumulative, trickster and proverbs are the sub categories of folk tales. Mythology or legend is the an cient religious stories of origin and human civilization such as story of Robin Hood. Types of poetryPoetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in the tranquility. Greek poetry is found in costless verse and we have rhymes in the Persian poem. Are you wondering how to write a poem, here are the followings forms of poem? Sonnet Sonnet is the short poem of 14 lines grouped into Shakespearean and Italian sonnets.lay The poems that are on the subject matter of love and sung by the poet or group of singers as telling readers a story. Elegy This type of poem is the lamenting of the death of a person or his near one. Elegy Written in Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray is one of the famous poems marked as sad poems of the ages. Ode Ode is the formal and long poem serious in nature.Allegory Allegory is the famous form of poetry and is loved by the readers because of its two symbolic meanings. One is the oral meaning and another is the deep meaning. Epic and Mock epi c Epics are the narrative poems that convey chaste and culture of that period. The Odyssey and Iliad are one of the largest philosophical epics written by Samuel Butler. Rape of the Lock is the great do by epic focusing on the minor incident of cutting of a curl. Lyric It has Greek origin that gives a melody of imagery. It is the direct appeal of a poet to the readers about any incident or historical events. Lyrics are most of the time similar to ode or sonnets in the form. Nonfiction LiteratureNonfiction Literature is opposite to fiction as it is informative and comprises the interesting facts with analysis and illustrations. Main types of Non- fiction literature narration and Biography An autobiography is the story of the authors own life. Family Life at the White House by preeminence Clinton is focused on his life and achievements. Wings of fire by Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Mein kampf of Adolph Hitler are the autobiography books on real life. Essay Generally the authors point of view about any particular topic in a detailed way is an essay. Essay has simple way of narrating the main subject therefore they are descriptive, lengthy, subject oriented and comparative.Different types of essay Personal essay, expository essay type, response essay, process essay, persuasive essay, quarrelsome essay, critical essay type, interview essay, reflective essay type, evaluation, observation essay, comparison type of essay, application essay, equalise and contrast essay and narrative essay type. Literary criticism It is the critical study of a piece of literature. Here critics apply different theories, evaluation, discussion and explanation to the text or an essay to give total judgments. Plato, Aristotle, T. S. Eliot, Saussure and Frye are some of the famous critics. Travel literature It is the narration of any tour or foreign journey with the description of the events, dates, places, sights and authors views.Francis Bacons natural philosophies in the middle of Seve nteenth century is one famous example of travel literature. Diary Diaries are the incidents recorded by the author without any means of produce them. It is the rough work of ones daily routine, happenings, memorable days or events in their life. E. g. Anne Franks Diary of a materialization Girl was published by her father in 1940s its a story of a missy trapped during German invade Amsterdam. Diaries consists of business letters, newsletters, weather listing. In todays world of Internet, writers write in blogs, forums, poll and social networking sites to convey their thoughts. This also is a form of diary writing.Some profound forms of diaries are online diary, travel, sleep, tagebuch, fictional, imagine and death diaries. Journal Journal is one of types of diaries that records infinite information. They are of following types Personal It is for personal analysis. In this journal one can write his goal, daily thoughts, events and situations. Academic It is for students who do re search or language on particular subjects. Creative journals Creative journals are the imaginative writing of a story, poem or narrative. Trade Trade journals are used by industrial purposes where they dictate practical information. Dialectical This journal is use by students to write on double column notebook.They can write facts, experiments, and observation on the left side and right side can be a series of thoughts and response with an end. newsprint It is a collection of daily or weekly news of politics, sports, leisure, fashion, movies and business. Magazine Magazines can be the veritable affairs or opinions well collected covering various content. Frame Narrative The psychoanalysis of human mind is present in a frame narrative. Here we find another story at bottom the main story.Some of the popular narratives are Pegasus, Wuthering Heights, The Flying Horse, The Three Pigs, A Time to keep and the Tasha Tudor Book of Holidays. Outdoor literature Outdoor literature is the l iterature of adventure that gives whole exploration of an event. arouse moments of life such as horse riding, fishing, trekking can be a part of literature. Some out-of-door books are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain, Treasure Island by Robert Louis, Voyages by Richard Hakluyt and A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush by Eric Newby. Narrative form of Literature Today we find movies, audio recording and video CDs and Cassettes that present current literature in use.Digital poetry is an upcoming trend too. ridiculous books, cartoons, eBook and Internet games are the learning methods for children. Literature includes centuries, human nature, cultures and souls. Isnt it? Read more at Buzzle http//www. buzzle. com/articles/types-of-literature. html

Debate over the Strength of Central Government Essay Example for Free

Debate everywhere the Strength of Central Government EssayThe period of 1783-1800 was shaped by the debate between those who back up a strong central establishment and those who wanted more power given to the orders. This period dealt with issues skirt the formations of factions that threatened to split the young nation, the inclusion of a Bill of Rights, and the constitutionality of a discipline bank. Factions carve up the peck into those who supported a strong central government and those who wanted more power given to the states.These twain groups had differing viewpoints, which influenced decisions regarding the addition of a Bill of Rights and the formation of a national bank. The two major factions that al nearly discontinue the developing nation were formulated at the opusal Convention of 1787. At this convention, delegates representing all states expect Rhode Island organize a saucy type of government with the creation of the Constitution. In the confirmati on process America was divided in two, the federalists and anti-federalists.Federalists were in favor of a strong central government and hence supporting the new Constitution, while anti-federalists were in favor of giving the states a greater amount of power, thus opposing it. The opposition to the Constitution spreads from a mistrust of central government due to the grievances of English monarchy. The adepts obtained by the central government took away states rights as seen in Sections VIII and X of the Constitution of the United States of American (Document 5).Most commonwealth who lived in cities, manufacturers, and northern merchants supported federalist views and most small farmers, southerners and frontiersmen sided with the anti-federalist views. Key federalists included Alexander Hamilton, buns Adams, John Marshall, John Jay, and James Madison. In order to promote ratification Hamilton, Jay, and Madison published a serial of Federalist Papers, (Document 8). On the anti -federalist side, important figures included Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Adams, Aaron Burr, Richard Henry Lee, and Patrick Henry.These men were in favor of the Article of Confederation, which greatly limited the powers of the central government and maximized the powers of state rights. One major flaw that the anti-federalist expressed concerning the Constitution was the privation of a Bill of Rights. A Bill of Rights would secure the rights of the people and prevent the central government from bonnie too powerful. The federalists argued that the system of checks and balances would prevent tyranny. However, when many states ratified the Constitution they attached a list of amendments to be added in a Bill of Rights.James Madison compiled these amendments and presented twelve of them to Congress. Ten were passed and added to the Constitution resulting in the American Bill of Rights. One of the most significant amendments is the tenth amendment, which states All powers not delegated to the federal government give out to the states or to the people, (Document 6). This declared that whatever was not restricted or allowed in the Constitution was a right retained by the people or states. The most heated debate amongst federalists and anti-federalist was over the constitutionality of a national bank.Anti-federalists believed the central government did not have the authority to create a national bank, while the federalists believed it was express in the elastic clause of the Constitution. The United States Constitution was written in a vague linguistic communication by the Founding Fathers, which added to the contention amongst Americans. Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, proposed a national bank to wish the most proper and speedy measures may be taken, to discharge both foreign and domestic debt, (Document 7).The anti-federalists, in extra Thomas Jefferson, who favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution, rejected this notion and claimed it was unc onstitutional because it was not a power havely stated in the document. However, Hamilton argued that the elastic clause as seen in Article I Section VIII, the powers of congress (Document 5), allowed the central government to establish a bank because it was necessary and proper and constitutional, (Document 1). Hamilton, on with the other federalists, favored a loose interpretation of the Constitution.The debate of having a national bank was resolve by giving the national bank a twenty year charter to test it out. This lashing leads to further issues on the topic of government rights versus state rights, and almost leads to the destruction of the country. When the Constitution was in its ratification process the small states sided with federalists in wanting a stronger central government, while larger states sided with anti-federalists in wanting more state rights. This was seen in two important proposals to the Constitutional convention surrounding the executive branch.First, the sensitive Jersey Plan or the small states plans, wanted one digest that has equal representation, with one balloting per state. This would make small states more powerful and have the same say in the government as the larger states did. Second, was the Virginia Plan or the large states plan (Document 4), was to have a two-chambered legislative, with one house with representation based on population, and the other elected through that house. This gave more power to the states, the larger states gaining a clear advantage as well.These two plans clearly portrayed the different ideas of federalists and anti-federalist and demonstrated how vital a role states played throughout this period. This dispute was settled with the great compromise, proposed by Roger Sherman, making a bicameral legislature with the Senate with equal representation for each state and the House of Representatives based on population and direct election. The debate between those who supported a strong centra l government and those who wanted more state rights truly shaped the period between 1783 and 1800.It dealt with the creation of two factions that could have potentially destroyed the acclivitous nation and the debates over a Bill of Rights and a national bank. If it were not for the ideas, factions, and development that occurred during the making of the Constitution and the continued building of our nation after, the government of America would not have been as successful as it is today. The Idea that were fought over from 1783 to 1800 has shaped our country and allowed us to be the great nation that we are.

Economic Effects Of U. S. Sugar Subsidy Policy Essay Example for Free

Economic Effects Of U. S. Sugar Subsidy Policy EssayEconomists stick out for a yen time studied and discussed the various installs of organisation subsidies and government support for specific industries and markets. In fact, in mevery colleges and universities, there be specific courses that are dedicated to the effects of public insurance policy to both(prenominal) private and public firms as comfortably as the over every last(predicate) market in which these firms operate in. These frugal concepts, in turn, help policy beginrs make sense of the causes and effects of various incentives that are driven by government interventions to the market. However, as we shall soon discover in the discussion in our paper, level(p) the science and sparings have conflicting theories regarding such public incentives and support to industries. In fact, over the decades in the development of public policy and micro economic choice, steps have been made so much so that various eye mask effects work experience. However, this does not mean that any theoretical or conceptual model could not be applied to real world situations so far various market imperfections where in traditional economic theories break down.In fact, even with the assumption of perfect markets which is a basic impossibility especially in todays complicated economy and arena of public policy economics may be subject to yell and forecast various results from decisions that are made by the government with respect to incentives and disincentives within fabrication. In this paper, we shall be regarding at the effects of the United States pelf indemnity policy.In site to do this, we would be victimization the three basic analytical tools that come from the big body of micro economic digest. The maiden is by using a comparative static model of incentives within a market by government intervention. The second analytical textile that we shall use is an early(a) comparative static model wi th regards to the medial voter theorem and its effects to public choice in net subsidy policy in the sphere.The triad manikin which we shall be using is that which has been developed by recent Nobel Prize in economics winners in the compend of government support and its overall effect in the arena of globalization and international trade. By using these analytical frameworks, we hope totaly could be competent to capture the economic effects of the United States profits subsidy policy not only in the industry itself notwithstanding also in the country as rise up as the consumers living in the country as well. Comparative Static abstract of the United States Sugar Subsidy Policy in an Economic MarketThe first analysis that the written document shall be using is a comparative static analysis of a subsidy granted by the United States government to the loot industry in the country. A comparative static analysis is just now an analysis of an economic incentive or even a di sincentive while holding all other things constant. In the real world, a comparative static analysis may be tall(prenominal) to fol depleted out and make sense of especially because vari up to(p)s affecting the market, the industries, or even undivided firms, interact with distri providedively other all the time.However, if we are to integrate all the variables involved perhaps using econometric estimate and lean your regression analysis in order to indicate these variables we still would not be able to separate the effects of a single factor in this oddball a policy which gives the profits industry subsidy the overall economy. The discipline of economics usually makes use of such all other things held constant rule in order to make the analytical framework more clear and the analysis more concise by segregating just one and only(a) variable.The analysis of the profit subsidy policy uses a micro economic model of the firm. In this micro economic model, we assume a hor izontal take hack because the firm is a price taker and imposition of the marginal address, the average hail, the average variable cost, and the amount of money cost curve. In such a situation, net income firms would choose to produce at that point where in price equals marginal revenue equals marginal cost.In such a condition, the affect of aggregating all the firms in the dough industry would give us the traditional perfect market situation downward slant demand curve upward sloping supply curve. This is a situation where in there is not yet any subsidy which the government had chosen to implement in the boodle industry. However, in the case that the government chooses to give subsidy to the sugar industry, the effect would be to importantly reduce the average cost and total cost curves of the firm by reducing the fixed costs.In a partial correspondence model, it would result to the shifting of the supply curve to the right and therefore the ability to produce higher q uantities by the firm while at the same time effectively decreasing the price of sugar. This is the approach using traditional analytical frameworks of microeconomics in order to understand the subsidy that is made by the government. In fact, this analysis may be apply into any kind of industry which is subsidized by the government in order to produce its final output. However, we must remember that this is approach only using an economic model.In order to understand the applications of such a theory and to prove it, economic look intoers have estimated and made various studies to show that this is indeed the case that the curse in real-world events and could have a significant effect even considering all variables into the analysis. Of course, in order for the theory to hold, econometric estimation must also be able to prove that subsidies do in fact affect the supply curve of the industry. This is exactly what has been constituted in the larger body of research regarding governm ent interventions to specific industries.As early as a involve made in 1977 which analyzed the equilibrium effects of United States sugar policy, significant supply curve shifts were estimated by economists after such super policies regarding subsidies had been implemented by the government (Gordon Gemmill, 1977). In fact, as the research noted, although there was only a minor influence on the price that was implemented after subsidies had been injected into this sugar industry, quantities significantly change as a result of the increased supply that was allowed by the subsidy.Earlier in 1970, there was already indicate that legislative bias for the United States sugar program which involved a high degree of internal apologyism which simply means that injection of policy by the government to sugar producers. However, an interesting thing to note in such study is that not only were the policy recommendations for the interior(prenominal) sugar industry but also for international and foreign countries sugar industry as well locations which have comparative emolument in sugar achievement and which could directly benefit the United States in the long run if such industries were conducted.This analysis would be integrated into the trinity concept and discussion of our paper. What is classical that this research is pointing out, however, for this section, is that sugar subsidies do indeed increase quantities of sugar producers because of the lowering of costs as a result of the subsidy. In fact, such criterion increase effects are not only segregate into the United States but other countries as well.In many developing economies, and in economies which are significantly different from the United States, an increase in market subsidy to the sugar industry also increases quantity in those countries, showing that such economic effects are not only segregate into one geographical location and one kind of economy but also to the spectrum of economies of countri es as well (Nelson Panggabean, 1991). In such a partial equilibrium analysis, perhaps the immediate conclusion that could be made is that it is upright to consumers as a whole.Using the framework, it would be obvious that the lowering of price and the lowering of the production cost of sugar in the sugar industry would be beneficial both for sugar farmers as well as the consumers who would be buying sugar. However, a negative effect that a subsidy may make in such a framework is that it could be unfair to those directly competing against the sugar markets. However, such an business may not be so strong.The designs against the subsidy is made by the United States government to the sugar industry could be further developed in the second and third section and analytical framework of the paper. The Median Voter Theorem and Why There Are Sugar Subsidy Policies in the United States An argument that has been developed by economists which goes against recommendations for implementing sub sidies on certain industries is the implementation of the median voter theorem. Remember that subsidies are fundamentally policy recommendations that are made by individuals such as lawmakers, legislators, and the greater body of politicians.According to beat economic theory, these individuals in a representative government are selected by the commonwealth through the mechanics of voting. And if we consider the population distribution to be a perfectly normal bell curve, there are individuals in extremes of the issue in this case not to implement a subsidy and to implement full subsidy but a larger number of people in the median area of the population distribution. However, the median voter theorem also states that there are discrepancies within the voting situation.A powerful aggroup which has lobbying power, although would derive less benefit from the summation of all consumers, could be able to conceivably shape electoral results because of such lobbying powers and financial support since they are the ones who have a larger incentive in the choosing of a certain candidate which would at last approve a sugar subsidy policy. For example, consumers would not give a few dollars each in order to lobby against support for a certain policy, but the sugar producers, who have enough incentives, maybe both lobby themselves to carry out such a vote. so far though the elected body of government representatives may in fact be the winner of the elections, it is not necessary that they won because they have the largest and best purpose of the consumers into mind. There are literature regarding such offspring proving that the median voter theorem indeed does work in society where in there are individual lobbying powers and incentives for groups. In 1991, a study was made on electoral and voting process where there are specific preferences for individuals with larger incentives and the aggregate society.This study points out that even though there are larger benefits and welfare implications for the whole society if a specific policy is not implemented, having less incentives than those wishing to implement the policy would eventually drive the vote towards those with greater incentives (Caplin Nalebuff, 1991). Another article published earlier in 1989 presented such a theoretical model in the analysis and determination of the level of Social protective cover that is provided to individuals. Again, they use the median voter theory in a representative democracy and capital market.As has been shown, there are more incentives for nigh individuals to lobby against the policy and even though Social protective covering increase would benefit the society greater, it was not implemented fully because of such lobbying power of specific sides (Boadway Wildasin, 1989). betray Theories and the United States Sugar Subsidy Using standard economic trade theories and frameworks, we could perhaps be able to develop the best argument against the government implementing a specific policy for protection reasons or for any other reasons that are offered in the legislative body.Instead their trade theory, implementing a protectionist policy such as the subsidy would lead to a less efficient comparative advantage situation in the sugar industry in the United States. Although it would definitely be able to provide short run increases in the income of producers, there are much worse effects. The first is that prices would be much higher in the domestic market. A subsidy together with a protectionist policy would make and force consumers to buy sugar at a higher price than that is offered in a global free-enterprise(a) market without such protectionist policies.If it was the subsidy alone, then it could be perhaps beneficial to the consumers while there are certain losses in the government model. However, usually, and specifically for the United States sugar policy with regards to subsidies, protectionist policies are also implemented. Th is means that consumers are pressure to buy sugar at higher prices in the domestic market than they would otherwise pay if sugar was imported by countries which offer the same goods at lower prices in a perfectly competitive model of trade.As an overall result, there would be welfare increases for the side of the producer surplus but decreases in the consumer surplus and the government revenues. However, the dominant argument made by past and even some precedent economists is that some industries have to be protected because they do not have comparative advantage to other producers of sugar taking into consideration the implementation of free trade in the world today. much(prenominal) arguments for example are the import substitution industrialization that had been put forward by two German economists in the 1960s which says that by protecting domestic industries in the short run, they would be able to puzzle up to the ventral comparative advantage. In fact, it is not only the Uni ted States sugar industry which implemented such policies but domestic agricultural goods all over the world especially in third world and developing countries. At first, this might have seemed like a good idea.However, eventually, it was found that implementing a specific subsidy to the sugar industry might have long term problematic effects. For example, by implementing such a subsidy, local anaesthetic domestic sugar producers would not have enough incentives in order to improve such sugar production technology. In fact, this has been proven to be the case. In the implementation of local production protection of sugar, less and less farmers were willing to innovate in the productive capacity precondition that there are even available technologies for such an improvement.The reason for this is that they are already enjoying lower production costs because of the subsidies. Such a framework eventually results in the shifting of the production frontiers of sugar in other countries while the production function of sugar in the domestic economy remains the same. The deprivation of incentives is a direct result from the lack of competition in an industry and the result is after a few years perhaps a decade productive technologies and capacities by other sugar markets would eventually overtake that of the domestic protected market.It is in fact already an interesting point that the United States is even implementing such sugar subsidy policies even though past economies and studies have been made regarding its detrimental effect to the long-run profitability of the market and the welfare of producers (Pollitt, 1997). In fact, we do not even need to look so far away for sugar subsidy policies have been implemented in the United States and the historical proof of the infectivity of such subsidy policies have already been well documented and studied by economists and policymakers (Horton, 1970). dismantle recently, trade liberalization policies were studied bet ween the United States and the European Union sugar trade industry and were found to have detrimental effects in one market implemented a specific policy on the production of their sugar supply (Won W. Koo, 2002). Conclusion using these three frameworks, we could be able to conclude that by implementing a subsidy in the United States sugar industry, the country may be able to see short-term benefits because of price reduction and the welfare increase of sugar farmers and producers as low as those involved in the sugar market distribution.However, in the long run, as our analytical framework and even the practical research in previous literature and references have shown, implementing such a sugar policy is not only inefficient because of the actual background of decision-making through the median voter theorem, but also would be able to hurt the farmers and sugar producers themselves in the long run because of implementing a protection industry and the continuous decrease of compar ative advantages as a result of the increase in technology in perfectly competitive markets which have not been subsidized by the government.To this end, economics teaches us that a subsidy, although helps in the long run producers, would hurt short run government revenues and consumers as well as long-run profitability of sugar markets from all aspects.ReferencesBoadway, R. W. , Wildasin, D. E. (1989). A Median Voter Model of Social Security. world-wide Economic criticism, 30(2), 307-328. doi 10. 2307/2526649. Caplin, A. , Nalebuff, B. (1991). Aggregation and Social Choice A Mean Voter Theorem.Econometrica, 59(1), 1-23. doi 10. 2307/2938238. Gordon Gemmill. (1977). An balance abbreviation of U. S. Sugar Policy. American journal of Agricultural Economics, 59(4), 609-618. doi 10. 2307/1239388. Horton, D. C. (1970). Policy Directions for the United States Sugar Program. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 52(2), 185-196. doi 10. 2307/1237489. Nelson, G. C. , Panggabean, M. (1991). The Costs of Indonesian Sugar Policy A Policy Analysis Matrix Approach.American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73(3), 703-712. doi 10. 2307/1242822. Pollitt, B. H. (1997). The Cuban Sugar Economy Collapse, Reform and Prospects for Recovery. Journal of Latin American Studies, 29(1), 171-210. doi 10. 2307/158075. Won W. Koo. (2002). Alternative U. S. and EU Sugar Trade Liberalization Policies and Their Implications. Review of Agricultural Economics, 24(2), 336-352. doi 10. 2307/1349764.