Dementia: How and Whom Does It Affect?

lead soul frenzy HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 1 frenzy How and Whom Does it Affect? Liberty University COUNS 502 B-23LUO teacher Dr. Richard curtilage Shelly M. Becker March 5, 2013 mania HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 2 Abstract Although monomania is lotstimes stacked as an old some(a)bodys dis fellowship, its effect sing knock off in many take aimions such(prenominal)(prenominal) as family, c argivers, finances, and the healthcargon system, sledding give the sack many un resolvinged questions and confusion for all. The plan of this paper entrust be to answer some of these questions, so that a better arrangement of alienation exit be possible.By doing so finished research already effected, holds written on the subject, and information open in books written by experts in the fields of gerontology, ontogenyal disorders (neurological), and lunacy specifically, the aver full term reader allow for be adapted to define dementia, understand basic concepts a nd theories of causation, explain the executeion of this disorder, and fully appreci ingest the potential and real effects this disorder has on the item-by-item, cargongivers, costs ( some(prenominal)(prenominal) for the individual and society), and d s headspring uply, learn move strategies to help all daze fixate the best turn out of a debilitating disorder of the brain.Keywords dementia, gerontology, neurological, incremental disorders, c argivers mania HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 3 Dementia How and Whom Does it Affect? Introduction Although dementia is often viewed as an old persons disorder, it affects ripple batch in many institutionaliseions such as to family, c argivers, finances, and the healthcargon system, leaving behind many unanswered questions and confusion for all.Based on research and information describe by experts in many fields, this paper will explore the dissimilar aspects surrounding dementia, specifically Alzheimers Disease, with the goal of helping the aver survey along person to better understand this debilitating disorder, create to a greater extent(prenominal) familiar with how it affects e really atomic number 53, and lastly, propose available to the reader techniques and strategies that could benefit the afflicted, their concerngivers, and medical professionals dealing with uncomplainings suffering from dementia. It is natural rubber to say that ein truthone does, or will, ack instantlyledge someone in their mannertime that has dementia.One terra firma for this is the rapid growing numbers of aged(a) as a portion of global population. According to cut and Robnett (1999) Baby boomers first turned 50 in 1996, and since because, every 7 seconds an Ameri butt end will turn 50 until the year 2014. In profit, growth of the older than 65 cohorts will go on to affix as baby boomers began turning 65 in 2010. It is estimated that y 2030, 22 percent, or 70. 2 million, Americans will be older than the age of 65. Even more astonishing, those over 85 days of age are the fastest growing segment of our DEMENTIA HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? population. They are go by judgment to triple in size mingled with 1986 and 2030, and be nearly sevener times larger in 2050 than in 1980 (pp. 2-3) The rapid growth of this age company is not exclusively macrocosm take thrilln in America, it is occurring globally. In addition to the baby boomers now becoming of age, quotation marks added saucy(prenominal) factors bestow to the larger numbers of elderly, are the advances in the fields of medicine and in technology. It was not too long ago that the average demeanor anticipation was rough 45 years of age in 1900, according to Chop and Robnett (1999), increasing to 76 years in 990(p. 48). Be curtilage dementia is more commonly diagnosed in the elderly, we will be experiencing an improver in numbers of diagnoses. This doesnt necessarily mean that a great percentage of the elderly are bein g affected by dementia, but more likely that this is a reflection of the greater number of elderly surviving to the age that plan of attack is more likely to occur. This in turn will increase the hazard that each of us at some point in our lives will be affected by this disorder, whether it is through a family member, friend, co- earner, or ourselves.In shed light on of the above, it is more grievous now than ever, to bring most a greater awareness and understanding to all so that we may better be prepared to meet the leases, at all levels, of this rapidly growing meeting of our elders. founts and Symptoms of Dementia One of the areas that is of concern, and that research is being aimed at, is the need to dislodge an right field symptomatic tool(s) that can definitively diagnose dementia in its early DEMENTIA HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 5 stages. As we age, there is a natural freeze off in many areas of our functioning and/or appearance.We often see changes in physical capabilities such as balance, strength, and we see changes in our sight, hearing, and general appearance, (hair color, we become shorter, or develop wrinkles). And yes, there are often changes of set in cognition as we age, changes in comprehension, memory, or clarity of position. In the past, we thought, as a society, that this was normal develop, all of it. Grandma was senile and that was the itinerary life progressed. As stated earlier, our life expectancy was overmuch shorter and we often did not see the concluding stages of dementia, therefore we didnt view the decline in these areas as abnormal.The early stages of dementia often mimic the natural decline in some people of their senses. With medical advances, and long-dated life spans, we began to see that some people didnt experience this deterioration in the alike way. Some people live to be 100 and are dormant alert and in control of all their functions So to answer the question, are individuals with dementia norma l? Should we all be afraid that the longer we live, the less(prenominal) capable we will be in living life? The answer is no. Progressive severe release of memory-routinely for get conversations or that one ate at a classifyicular restaurant-and impaired thinking abilities are not a normal part of develop.Rather, such problems may be signs of a dementia- sack of brain functions ascribable to an organic cause. Dementia is a generic term that includes a host of symptoms related to brain failure. There are several(prenominal) causes of dementia, but Alzheimers complaint (AD) is the most common cause. (Kuhn, 1999. p. 11) Dementia is not a disease. It is a condition caused by a number of diseases. Currently, it DEMENTIA HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 6 is estimated that more than 4 million, to as many as 7 million, people in the United States realize dementia and more than 14 million people will be demented by the year 2050. (Levine, 2006. p. 6) The following is a list of the differ ent types of dementia build in the DSM-IV-TR, Fourth Edition (2000) Alzheimers Vascular Type Type Due to HIV Disease Dementia Due to Head hurt Dementia Due to Huntingtons Disease Dementia Due to Parkinsons Disease Dementia Due to Picks Disease Dementia Due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Dementia Due to Other General medical examination Conditions Substance-Induced Persisting Dementia Dementia Due to Multiple Etiologies and Dementia non Otherwise Specified (p. 147).The common feature of these different types is memory impairment. Depending on the etiology, the separate features of each vary. For example, with AD, the progression is very slow, lasting 8-10 years or longer, resulting in death. On the different hand, in Vascular Dementia, the infringement is illogical with rapid changes in functioning occurring versus slow the progression of symptoms. Also, early preaching of hypertension and vascular disease may prevent further progression, whereas in AD there is no way at this t ime, to prevent its progression.For the purpose of this paper there are too many different types of dementia, and their symptoms vary, devising it impractical to discuss them all. Therefore, because Alzheimers is the most common of the types, the following raillery will be limited to its main features. (Hoffman, 2009. ) Alzheimers was first described in 1906 by a German neurologist named Dr. Alois DEMENTIA HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 7 Alzheimer. During that time period, as was pointed out earlier, the symptoms of Alzheimers disease were viewed collectively as senility. What Dr.Alzheimer found when he performed an autopsy on a woman of 51 years of age was what we call today beta-amyloid plaques in the midst of neurons and bundles of protein threads within the neurons. These were the analogous as what were found in the brains of the elderly who were considered senile and just acquire old. It wasnt until the 1960s that these were understood to be intrinsic to a brain disease, Al zheimers Disease (AD), and that the symptoms of AD were not a normal part of aging, but rather were due to the diseased brain failing and dying off in part due to these plaques and tangles. pp. 2-5) This was not the only organic feature found as a part of AD. The discovery of certain mutant genes present in those suffering from AD, led to evidence of a genetic cause that places one at postgraduateer happen. In cases like this, the invasion of AD occurs between the ages of 30-50 yrs. This is referred to as early-onset AD, as it occurs between the ages of 30-50 years old. Late on-set AD, typically occurs by and by the age of 65. Other factors that increase the chance of AD are (Hoffman, 2009, p. 50) high blood pressure, diet, diabetes type 2, women are slightly higher(prenominal) at assay, as well as (Feldman, 2000, p. ) African Americans and Hispanics being at higher risk than Caucasians. (Andersen, Kessing, Korner, Lauritzen, Lopez, 2007). Also, disorders such as depression o r delusional disorder increase the chances of maturation AD (p. 628). Again, the risk factors are there, but petite is know as to why how, or if they will affect the outcome of developing AD, or not.So much research has been going on over the last 20 or so years, which has DEMENTIA HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 8 increase the understanding of AD tremendously. further being able to have a way to detect AD in its earliest stages at this time, is yet not possible. The goal of this intense research is that we may be able to use the information learned thus far, like the presence of tangles and plaques, the bodys unfitness to be able to circumvent their build up in the brain, to find a way to stop the progression of AD before the symptoms are too many, and/or re unable to be stopped. So much more needs to be learned before we reach that point. Nevertheless, advances in the field of medicine and in technology are so atrocious and rapid. The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs, and other high tech instruments that are now available to view images of the brain and how it functions, will hopefully pull up stakes to answers soon for the victims of AD and other types of dementia, and for their families. The areas that are affected for the individual with AD are many. The most devastating is the affect on memory.There is a normal amount of memory loss in most of us as we age. The difference for somebody with AD is that it begins to interfere with their ability to perform daily activities and continues to progress as time moves forward. It can be compared to the disease model of addiction. Something becomes an addiction when it interferes with your life on a daily basis, and it exhibits progression. AD is difficult to diagnose in its early stage. The individual and family members usually celebrate that something is different, but it doesnt get addressed at this point.This could be for many reasons such as fear, denial, and /or just being plain uninformed about AD . The first 2 or 3 years seem to be a gradual decline, in the short term memory in particular DEMENTIA HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 9 at first. (Kuhn, 1999. ) The brain is so horrendous that as humans, we learn to compensate for deficiencies when we have them. (p. 43) For example, someone who has head damage from an accident and loses some speech can often, with therapy, retrain the brain in another area to relearn how to speak. This applies to AD overly.Because of the progression though, this can only be done for so long. After around 2-3 years, the decline in memory, and the effects that this has on other areas of functioning, begins to spiral down at a faster rate. As the brain cells die and the neurons and synapses no longer are working, the person will begin to forget names, places, events, how to use the telephone, where they are, and eventually who they and their love ones are anymore. In the beginning, the individual is often aware of what is happening, and this will cau se a reaction, of course.Their past coping skills, their support system, and their spiritual beliefs concerning life and death, will all influence how they will handle what is happening to them. Often some grieving will occur both in the individual, as well as those close to him. There is the knowledge of impending death, but in addition, now the family members watch as the person literally dies away in front of them. And for the afflicted, they grieve as they see themselves losing their sense of self and not knowing how they now will fit into the world ( Feldman, 2000).During the stage of development known as adolescence, ones cognitive and emotional advances corpus to being able to form races with others, think abstractly, which aids in the development of spirituality when trying to find ones identity, and to perform administrator functions such as making plans, organizing, projecting oneself into the future mentally, and following locomote in an DEMENTIA HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 10 order to achieve something (pp. 385-389). all(a) of this leads to a loss of being able to relate to others which can lead to isolation and depression and anxiety at times. Levine, MD. , 2006). Other areas of the person that reduce in capability are language, visual-spatial intelligences, such as depth perception which can interfere with walking for example, as well as getting lost. Behavior is also affected and can be seen when impulses and socially unimpeachable boundaries are no longer relevant, or controllable because of a insufficiency of comprehension, or they are just forgotten, leading to in becharm actions or speech. In the late stage, the person is no longer even recognizable as the love one once known.They become incontinent, unable to feed their self, address, walk, or interact in any way (pp. 45-47). Effects on Family, Caregivers, and guild Little has been done to study the effects of dementia on children in the families where a put forward has been dia gnosed with early-onset AD. One study performed in the Uk by researchers Spector, Stott, and Svanberg, in 2009, looked at 12 children under the age of 18. They found that overall, the burden of sympathize with for a parent with AD has a negative impact on their relationships with peers, on their schoolwork and achievement goals, and often led to emotional difficulties.The children often felt that it was their responsibility and downplayed the whole situation. They often felt a loss of their parent and that they were now taking on the role as the parent. sorrow was common. A positive outcome was the possibility of the experience leading to higher self-esteem due to the fact that it DEMENTIA HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 11 showed the resiliency within them to adapt. One finding was that the children had unforesightful, to no support system, or anyone to talk to. Their peers had no clue and support congregations were / are not set up and available.This would be one way to assist t hese children. Another would be to indoctrinate the school system and train counselors to assist children, who are acting as bads in situations like this (p. 740). According to Harris and Keady (2008), in their study of selfhood in patients with early-onset, the loss of self is often more complex and unique to each family than in those with late-onset. This possibly is due to the fact that between 30-50 years old, ones self-identity has many active components they mustiness face losing such as their work identity, sexual identity, and family identity (p. 437).Some of these may overlap with patients of late-onset AD, but most often they dont. This area of research is very scarce and in need of more studies so as to be able to help this group of families find strategies to better cope as they work their way through this situation The most common form of caregiving relationship in dementia is between checkmates or partners (Clare, van Dijkhuizen, Pearce, & Quinn, 2008, p. 770). Oft en an big(a) child takes on the role of caregiver. In all instances, the stress of caring for a loved one with AD is usually very stressful and leads to feelings of depression, anxiety, confusion, and even anger.As an adult child caregiver, the parent-child roles get reversed and this can create uneasiness for both parties. In the early stage of AD, the sources of frustration and stress come more from having to learn how to cope with the changes that are required to be a caregiver, such as free time to relax, socialize, etc. Also, the fact that little DEMENTIA HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 12 information is leaved about the condition(s) to families and caregivers arrives it more difficult to know what to do and when.Not knowing what to expect next can be a stressor in itself. Not only is there a negative impact on the mental condition of caregivers, but there is also a negative impact on their health. Looking at the overall picture, the narrative looks grim. Life is full of chall enges and not only can they streng accordingly us to learn new ways to adapt and cope, but they are God-given opportunities to assort at a level so deep with another being, and thus use that connection to hopefully relieve some of their suffering and pain.Everyone deserves to be treated with dignity and respect throughout life and at this final life span stage, those who have AD and are losing everything to the disease, deserve to be treated in such a way that they too may be able to die with dignity. Society in Western coating often has a negative overall view of old age. If you are non-productive, and unable to care for yourself, many take the view that you are deceitful and a drain on society. This is turn influences the decisions made by politicians and politics about how this huge group of elderly will be cared for.Seeing the elderly as negative is called ageism, and it is alive and well like many other isms of today. The problem now is that the reality of issues concernin g healthcare, financial assistance and housing options for the elderly, curiously those who are ill with AD and/or other types of dementia, are no longer concerns of the future. These need to be addressed now in order to truly benefit this fast growing cohort and the future for us when we also reach this stage of life. DEMENTIA HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 13 ConclusionWe now know that dementia is a condition that is caused by underlying diseases such as vascular disease. It is not a normal part of aging and it has genetic component, as well as a malfunction in the brain that causes the buildup of tangles and plaques which kill the neurons, cells, and synapses in the brain. This all leads to the symptoms which slowly rob a person of all their faculties, resulting in death. The effects on the patient are many and can create depression, anxiety, and frustration over what is happening to them. It also has effects of the family members and the caregivers.The majority of these effects s eem to be negative (depression, anger, isolation, and illness). But they can also be positive, such as satisfaction and increase affection toward the patient, or higher self esteem due to doing the right thing and being responsible and loving. In our society, we all have to come to grips with our attitudes toward the aging. The enormous numbers of those over 55 cant be ignored any longer. Increased awareness of AD and its symptoms will hopefully create motivation for creating and developing programs to assist in teaching strategies and coping skills for caregivers.Another avenue for change is creating groups to advocate for national healthcare that will then assist in making healthcare available to those with AD and to the elderly as a whole. And last, continuing research to search for a way to diagnose AD in its early stage with the hope that we can then provide ways to treat the symptoms and possibly slow down the progression of AD. The more knowledge we have, the more empowered w e are to make changes. The focus should be on all pulling together to make a difference in the lives of those suffering with DEMENTIA HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 14AD in their Golden Years instead of enjoying this last stage of life and being able to feel content as we self reflect and pass on our wisdom and/or truths we have learned about life as we complete our passage through this last stage of existence. Running header ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 DEMENTIA AND ITS EFFECTS Shelly Becker Liberty University Introduction to benevolent Development COUN 502 B-23 LUO Dr. Richard Pace March 6, 2013 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2Berman, C. W. , & Becker, M. F. (2010). Transference in Patients and caregivers. American daybook of Psychotherapy, 64(1), 107-114 Retrieved February 4, 2013 from http/search. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu 2048/login. aspx-? direct=+ rue &db=a9h&AN=48973816&site=ehost-live&scope=site The number of transference is relevant to all curative relationships. The car egiver and recipient of care are seen as being in such a relationship, which then implies that trans- ference is at high risk of occurring.The obligate explores counter-transference as well, and how if not dealt with, this can have a negative effect on the overall relationship, and its therapeutic outcome. Braun, M. , Scholz, U. , Bailey, B. , Perren S. , Hornung, R. , & Martin, M. (2009). Dementia care-giving in spousal relationships A dyadic perspective. ageing & genial Health, 13(3), 426-436. doi 10. 1080/13607860902879441 This article investigates the various effects of care-giving for spouses diagnosed with dementia on both the caregiver and the recipient.Previously, the data compiled mostly came from the caregiver only. This study differs in that it takes into explanation the feedback from both parties to get a better picture of the overall effects on the dyadic relationship. By doing so, hopefully this will lead to new insights and more effective interventions for a better outcome as the article points out. Castelli, I. , Pini, A. , Alberoni, M. , Liverta-Sempio, O. , Baglio, F. , Massaro, D. , & Nemni, R. (2011).Mapping levels of possible action of mind in Alzheimers disease ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 a preliminary study. age & affable Health, 15(2), 157-168. doi 10. 1080/ 13607863. 2010. 513038 This article specifically deals with how surmise of Mind ( tom) is understood in relation to dementia and various forms of dementia such as Alzheimers. When neuro-imaging is explained as the basis for learning in cognitive early stages of development, it is easier to understand how it might fit in with dementia and Alzheimers.In very simplistic terms, neuro-mirror-imaging underlies ToM and if this is no longer functional in the aging brain, it could explain to an extent, the symptoms exhibited in these brain disorders which in turn could lead to more effective interventions. Clare, Li, Dijkhuizen, M. , Pearce, A. , & Quinn, C. (2008). The experience of prov iding care in the early stages of dementia an interpretive phenomenological analysis. Aging & Mental Health, 12(6), 769-775. Retrieved February 8, 2013 from academician Search Complete, EBSCOhostMany families, and patients with dementia, are given little to no information on Dementia, especially the early stages of it. It seems that very little is known about the early stages. This article is looked at from the point of view of the care-givers and how they interpret the situation and subsequently the care they give to the patient, who is often their spouse or parent. The relationship to the patient prior to the onset of dementia influences the perceptions and actions of both the caregiver and recipient.All of this is reflected in the article. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4 Diagnosis. (2011). Annals of Internal Medicine, 154(11), 5-8. Retrieved on February 8, 2013 from http//search. Ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu 2048/login. aspx? estimate= line up & db=a9h & AN=62807891 & site = ehost-live 7 scope = site This article is very instructive with respect to the importance of early detection of dementia as well as an accurate diagnosis of dementia.The effects of longer life spans in the field of medicine are discussed. We now have to deal with a much longer, and complex unfolding of the aging process than say 50 years ago. What can we do to improve diagnostic capabilities of trained medical professionals so as to be able to provide timely and accurate information and treatment interventions so as to increase the outcomes of successful? Harris, P. , & Keady, J. (2009). Selfhood in younger onset dementia Transitions and testimonies. Aging & Mental Health, 133), 437-444. oi10. 1080/13607860802534609 Very interesting article Most often dementia is thought of as only an old persons disorder. This article indentifies 5 areas of self and discusses how they are affected by the onset of dementia and other brain degenerative disorders, specifically with regard to the yo unger people if effects (ex. ages 40-67). Personal testimonies were gathered from those afflicted and then carefully interpreted and separate and validated to reach the conclusions drawn. The results on the self are very informativeANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5 Korner, A. , Lopez, A. G. , Lauritzen, L. , Andersen, P. K. , & Kessing, L. V. (2008). Delusional disorder in old age and the risk of developing dementia-a nationwide register-based study. Aging & Mental Health, 12(5), 625-629. doi 10. 1080/13607860802343118 The distinction between delusional and demented is discussed. Questions such as if being delusional is a reliable predictor of future dementia were posed, as well as looking for the connecting factor(s), if any, between the two disorders.Symptomology was discussed and the importance of medical professionals being well-versed in this, so as to be able to correctly diagnose, offer appropriate treatment, and increase the chances for predicting future disorders in a fairly reliab le fashion. Spek, A. A. , Scholte, E. M. & caravan Berckelaer-Onnes, I. A. (2010). Theory of Mind in adults with High Functioning Autism (HFT) & Asperger Syndrome. Journal of Autism & developmental Disorders, 40(3), 280-289. doi 10. 1077/s10803-009-0860-y ToM is explained in detail s to how it applies to the two disorders mentioned in the title.The reason I chose to include this article was because it gave a very equitable historical view of Theory of Mind as well as explained how it is seen as being the possible missing link between normal cognitive functioning and the functioning of brain disorders like HFA and Aspergers, as well as dementia and Alzheimers. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 This article gave me a broader understanding of ToM and its applications. This article also included applications to theories of religion, philosophy, and life in general.I found it very useful and enlightening and intend on researching it much more in depth in the future Svanberg, E. , Scott, J. , & Spector, A. (2010). moreover Helping Children living with a parent with young onset dementia. Aging & Mental Health, 14(6), 740-751. doi 10. 1080/1360786100371374 With the onset of dementia in younger patient, under 67 or so, the children of this group have been forgotten in the research. I believe this is due in part to the numbers of this group are small in parity to the overall age of onset.This has left the families and children, as well as the patient with little information and or reformatory interventions aimed at them specifically. These children, as pointed out in the article, suffer effects in their schooling, social lives, and their overall definition and responsibilities expected of them in their previous roles as children. Often now they must act as if the parent and the parent as if the child. The study was helpful in understanding this group better and its implications for the adolescent or younger child.Tremont, G. (2011). Family Care-giving in Dementia. Medicin e & Health Rhode ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 7 Island, 94(2), 36-38. Retrieve February 2, 2012 from http// search. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu 2048/login. aspx? direct= dead on target & db=a9h & AN=58104122& site=ehost-live&scope=site This article centered around care-giving when the caregiver was a family member of the patient. Most often this was the spouse, then the adult child.The factors that ere isolated were gender, type of relationship (married, parent/child), age, and the general feature of the relationship prior to the onset of dementia. For example, was the marriage controlled by one or the other more, or was it considered to lean toward equality? Did the spouse take on characteristics of the parent prior to onset of dementia? Were there built up resentments? Was this authoritative for either the caregiver and/or the recipient? If it is an adult child, how did the relationship darn growing up play into the current care-giving situation?These types of questions are important to all concerned for many reasons. A lot of this article is given(p) to my paper. Running Head REFERENCES 1 Dementia How and Whom Does it Affect? Liberty University HSER 502 B-23LUO Dr. Richard Pace March 5, 2013 REFERENCES 2 REFERENCE LIST American Psychiatric tie Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. 2000). Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association. Berman, C. W. , & Becker, M. F. (2010). Transference in Patients and caregivers. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 64(1), 107-114 Retrieved February 4, 2013 from http/search. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu 2048/login. aspx-? direct=+ rue &db=a9h&AN=48973816&site=ehost-live&scope=site Braun, M. , Scholz, U. , Bailey, B. , Perren S. , Hornung, R. , & Martin, M. (2009). Dementia care-giving in spousal relationships A dyadic perspective.Aging & Mental Health, 13(3), 426-436. doi 10. 1080/13607860902879441 Castelli, I. , Pini, A. , Alberoni, M. , Liverta-Sempio, O. , Baglio, F. , Massaro, D. & Nemni, R. (2011). Mapping levels of theory of mind in Alzheimers disease a preliminary study. Aging & Mental Health, 15(2), 157-168. doi 10. 1080/ 13607863. 2010. 513038 Chop,W. C. , & Robnett, R. H. (1999). Gerontology for the Health Care Professional. Philadelphia F. A. Davis Company. Clare, Li, Dijkhuizen, M. , Pearce, A. , & Quinn, C. (2008).The experience of providing care in the early stages of dementia an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Aging & Mental Health, 12(6), 769-775. Retrieved February 8, 2013 from Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost REFERENCES 3 Diagnosis. (2011). Annals of Internal Medicine, 154(11), 5-8. Retrieved on February 8, 2013 from http//search. Ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu 2048/login. aspx? Direct=true & db=a9h & AN=62807891 & site = ehost-live 7 scope = site Feldman, R.S. (2001). Development crosswise the Life Span. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson Foundation, Inc.. Froemke, S. , Golant, S. , & Hoffman, J . (2009). The Alzheimers watch Momentum in Science. New York, N. Y. Public Affairs. Harris, P. , & Keady, J. (2009). Selfhood in younger onset dementia Transitions and testimonies. Aging & Mental Health, 133), 437-444. doi10. 1080/13607860802534609 Kuhn, David, MSW. (1999). Alzheimers Early Stages. common salt Lake City, Utah Publishers Press. Korner, A. , Lopez, A. G. , Lauritzen, L. , Andersen, P. K. & Kessing, L. V. (2008). Delusional disorder in old age and the risk of developing dementia-a nationwide register-based study. Aging & Mental Health, 12(5), 625-629. doi 10. 1080/13607860802343118 Levine, R. A. M. D. (2006). Understanding and Preventing Alzheimers and Related Disorders. Lanham, Maryland Rowan & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Spek, A. A. , Scholte, E. M. & Van Berckelaer-Onnes, I. A. (2010). Theory of Mind in adults with High Functioning Autism (HFT) & Asperger Syndrome. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 40(3), 280-289.REFERENCES 4 doi 10. 1077/s10803-009- 0860-y Svanberg, E. , Scott, J. , & Spector, A. (2010). Just Helping Children living with a parent with young onset dementia. Aging & Mental Health, 14(6), 740-751. doi 10. 1080/1360786100371374 Tremont, G. (2011). Family Care-giving in Dementia. Medicine & Health Rhode Island, 94(2), 36-38. Retrieve February 2, 2012 from http// search. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu 2048/login. aspx? direct=true & db=a9h & AN=58104122& site=ehost-live&scope=site