Globalisation and Cross Cultural Management

Globalization and cross cultural management nerve globalization of health c ar- shortage of radiologists in the US and demand is twice as large as the rate of graduation. Solution is to s dismiss Images all over the internet to be interpreted by radiologists in India? In 2004 170,000 triggers visited India for medical checkup treatments and is expected to grow at 15% for the next several historic period Globalization The shift toward a much integrated and interdependent knowledge domain economy. Globalization of markets the merging of distinctly separate national markets into a global market place.This includes falling barriers to cross border trade (which turn divulge make It easier to sell Internationally), the convergence of global tastes and preferences and the development of standardized products suited to a world market. Difficulties with the globalization of markets generally arise from significant differences among these national markets, rude particular propositio n marketing strategies and varied product mixes. Globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and cash in ones chips from locations around the world to take advantage of differences In the cost or quality of the factors of production (land, labor, capital).Increasingly companies ar taking advantage of modern communications technology, and particularly the Internet, to outsource service activities to low cost producers in other nations. Outsourcing of productive activities to difference suppliers results in the creation of products that are global in nature. Impediments to the globalization tot production include formal and informal barriers to trade, barriers to FED, raptus costs. Issues associated with economic risk and Issues associated with political risk. Drivers of globalization Two macro factors look to underlie the trend toward greater globalization.These Include- * decline In barriers to the free decrease of goods, services and capital that has occurred since WWW * technological change Declining trade and coronation barriers During the sasss and ass, many of the nation states of the world erected formidable barriers to international trade and FED. go on industrial nations of the west committed themselves after WWW to removing barriers to the free escape of goods, services and capital amidst nations. Technology Lowering of trade barriers make globalization possible technology has made it a real TTY.Since the end tot 2 the world NAS seen advances in miscommunication, information processing and expat technology. Advantages of globalization * Lower prices for goods and services * economic growth stimulation * attach in consumer income * creates Jobs * countries specialist in production of goods and services that are produced near efficiently Disadvantages of globalization * Destroys manufacturing Jobs in wealthy, advanced countries * Wage rates of out of practice(predicate) workers in advanced countries declines * companies mo ve to countries with fewer labor and environment regulations * want of sovereignty What is socialisation? glossiness is coherent (each fragment of a burnish makes sense if you now the whole tapestry of goal), Culture is learned (families, friends, media), Culture is the view of a group of plenty (nation, religion, clan, family), stopping point ranks what is serious ( take to be) and stopping point furnishes attitudes and dictates behavior. There are two main elements of market-gardening. These include on re-create or visible elements of culture and back exemplify or hidden elements of culture. Transactional culture is the culture that develops when cultures meet and have to collaborate (I. E an NC).Model of culture Artifacts and Products Explicit Onstage-culture Norms and set Off-stage culture Basic Assumptions Implicit Off stage culture includes aspects such as the Susie culture where we give everybody a funfair go, and the Chinese culture where they have the importa nce of Guiana in society and not losing face, or in Thai culture where there is a high-pitched respect for superiors and harmony/balance. cause dimensions and theories of culture part one (Trampers) What is culture? Culture is acquired knowledge that pot use to interpret experience and dedicate social behavior.This knowledge forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behavior. Characteristics tot culture * Learned * Shared * Trans-generational emblematical * Patterned * Adaptive A model of culture Understanding culture Cultures do not vary in essence ( large number spend their clipping trying to solve akin(predicate) problems) but in their preference for received solutions. Egg is how to treat a flu (sickness) in a country. Understanding culture is to understand the underlying meanings attached by a prone community/group of large number to those universal concepts and activities, and to the behaviors they incur. determine in culture Values are learned from the cultur e from which the individual is reared. Differences in cultural values may result in varying management practices ND pretend the basic convictions that people have about right and wrong, good and stinking etc. Value similarities and differences across cultures 1 . Strong relationship in the midst of level of managerial conquest and personal values 2. Value patterns point managerial success and can be used in plectron/placement lasts 3. Country differences in relationship between values and success however findings across US, Japan, Australia and India are similar 4.Values of more successful managers favor pragmatic, dynamic, achievement oriented and active role in the interaction with others 5. Values of less successful managers tend toward tactic and passive values relatively passive roles in interacting with others How culture affects managerial approaches * Decentralized and Centralized decision make In some societies, top managers make all burning(prenominal) organisat ional decisions. In others, these decisions are diffused byout the enterprise, and middle and start level managers actively participate in, and make, key decisions. Safety Vs. Risk In some societies, organizational decision makers are risk averse and have great difficulty with conditions of uncertainty. In others, risk taking is encouraged, and decision making under Individual Vs. Group rewards In some countries, uncertainty is common. violence who do outstanding work are given individual rewards in the form of bonuses and commissions. In others, cultural norms require group rewards, and individual rewards are frowned upon. * Informal procedures Vs. formal procedures In some societies, much is accomplished through informal meaner.In others, formal procedures are set forth and followed rigidly. * higher(prenominal) organizational loyalty vs. low organizational loyalty In some societies, people identity very strongly with their organization or employer. In others, people identify with their occupational roof, such as engineer or mechanic. * Cooperation Vs. rival Some societies encourage cooperation between their people while others encourage contestation between their people. * Short term Vs. Long term horizons Some cultures think most heavily on short term horizons, such as short-range goals of profit and efficiency.Others are more interested in long-range goals, such as market share and technological developments. * Stability Vs. intention The culture of some countries encourages stability and resistance to change. The culture of others puts high value on innovation and change. Trampers Cultural Dimensions . Universalism Vs. Particulars Universalism implies that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere. High universalism countries have lots of formal rules and closely adhere to business contracts (egg Canada, US, HECK).Particulars is where the share dictate how ideas/practices apply high particulars countries often modify contracts (egg China, So uth Korea) 2. individualism Vs. Communitarians Individualism focuses on people as individuals. Countries with high individualism sift personal and individual manners- they assume great personal responsibility (egg Canada, Thailand, US, Japan). Communitarians is where people regard themselves as part of a group. They value group cogitate issues, committee decisions and Joint responsibility (egg Malaysia). 3.Neutral Vs. Emotional Neutral is a culture where emotions are not shown and people act stoically and maintain quietness (egg Japan and UK). In emotional, emotions are expressed openly and naturally- people smile a lot, talk loudly and greet catheter with enthusiasm (egg Mexico, Netherlands, Switzerland). 4. Specific Vs. cushy Specific is defined as a large public pose shared with others and their small private space if guarded closely. High specific cultures the people are open and extroverted, with a strong separation between work and personal life (egg UK and US).For diffu se, public and private spaces are similar size, where the public space is guarded because it is shared with the private space people are indirect and introverted with their work/ private life being closely linked (egg China, Spain). 5. Achievement Vs. Ascription Achievement oriented is a status based on how well functions are performed (Austria, US). An ascription function is status based on who or what the person is (China, Indonesia). 6. Time attendant is where here is only one activity at a time, appointments are kept strictly and plans are followed as they are laid out (US).Synchronous involves multi tasking and making approximate appointments alongside schedules that are subordinate to relationships (egg France, Mexico). Present Vs. afterlife Future more important in Italy, US Present more important in Venezuela, Indonesia all three time periods equally important in France and Belgium. 7. The Environment Inner directed is where people believe in the control of outcomes (US, Greece, Japan) and outer directed is where people believe in permit things take their own course (China,